Numbers

• Numbers are the mathematical values or

figures used for the purpose of measuring or
calculating quantities.
• It is represented by numerals as 2, 4, 7, etc.
Some examples of numbers are integers,
whole numbers, natural numbers, rational and
irrational numbers, etc.
 What is a Number System?
• A Number system or numeral system is
defined as an elementary system to express
numbers and figures.
• It is the unique way of representing of
numbers in arithmetic and algebraic structure.
 Types of Number Systems

Based on the base value and the number of

allowed digits, number systems are of many
types. The four common types of Number
systems are:
• Binary number system (Base - 2)
• Octal number system (Base - 8)
• Decimal number system (Base - 10)
• Hexadecimal number system (Base - 16)
 Binary Number System
• A number System with a base value of 2 is termed a Binary
number system.
• It uses 2 digits i.e. 0 and 1 for the creation of numbers.
• The numbers formed using these two digits are termed
Binary Numbers.
• The binary number system is very useful in electronic
devices and computer systems because it can be easily
performed using just two states ON and OFF i.e. 0 and 1.
• Decimal Numbers 0-9 are represented in binary as 0, 1, 10,
11, 100, 101, 110, 111, 1000, and 1001
• For example, 14 can be written as 1110, 19 can be written
as 10011, and 50 can be written as 110010.
 Octal Number System
• The octal number system uses eight digits:
0,1,2,3,4,5,6 and 7 with the base of 8.
• The advantage of this system is that it has lesser digits
when compared to several other systems, hence,
there would be fewer computational errors.
• Digits like 8 and 9 are not included in the octal
number system. Just like the binary, the octal number
system is used in minicomputers but with digits from
0 to 7.
• For example, 358, 238, and 1418 are some examples of
numbers in the octal number system.
 Decimal Number System

• The decimal number system uses ten digits:

0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9 with the base number as 10.
• The decimal number system is the system that we
generally use to represent numbers in real life.
• If any number is represented without a base, it
means that its base is 10.
• For example, 72310, 3210, and 425710 are some
examples of numbers in the decimal number system.
 Decimal Number System

• We use the combination of these 10 digits to

form all other numbers. The value of a digit in
a number depends upon its position in the
number. The place value table for the decimal
number system is as:
 Decimal Number System

• Each place to the left is ten times greater than the

place to its right, that is, as we move from the right
to the left, the place value increases ten times with
each place.
• A decimal number system is also called the Base 10
system.
• A number 49,365 is read as Forty-nine thousand
three hundred sixty-five, where the value of 4 is
forty thousand, 9 is nine thousand, 3 is three
hundred, 6 is sixty and 5 is five.
 Hexadecimal Number System

• The hexadecimal number system uses sixteen

digits/alphabets: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and A,B,C,D,E,F
with the base number as 16.
• Here, A-F of the hexadecimal system means the
numbers 10-15 of the decimal number system
respectively.
• This system is used in computers to reduce the large-
sized strings of the binary system.
• For example, 7B316, 6F16, and 4B2A16 are some examples
of numbers in the hexadecimal number system.
 Number Systems (1)
• Positional Notation
N = (an-1an-2 ... a1a0 . a-1a-2 ... a-m)r (1.1)
where . = radix point
r = radix or base
n = number of integer digits to the left of the radix point
m = number of fractional digits to the right of the radix point
an-1 = most significant digit (MSD)
a-m = least significant digit (LSD)

• Polynomial Notation (Series Representation)

N = an-1 x rnn-1 1a+ rai n-2 x rn-2 + ... + a0 x r0 + a-1 x r-1 ... + a-m x r-m
 i
= (1.2) i  m

• N = (251.41)10 = 2 x 102 + 5 x 101 + 1 x 100 + 4 x 10-1 + 1 x 10-2

Chapter 1 11
 Number Systems (2)
• Binary numbers
– Digits = {0, 1}
– (11010.11)2 = 1 x 24 + 1 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 0 x 20 + 1 x 2-1 + 1 x 2-2
= (26.75)10
– 1 K (kilo) = 210 = 1,024, 1M (mega) = 220 = 1,048,576,
1G (giga) = 230 = 1,073,741,824

• Octal numbers
– Digits = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
– (127.4)8 = 1 x 82 + 2 x 81 + 7 x 80 + 4 x 8-1 = (87.5)10

• Hexadecimal numbers
– Digits = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F}
– (B65F)16 = 11 x 163 + 6 x 162 + 5 x 161 + 15 x 160 = (46,687)10
Chapter 1 12
 Number Systems (3)
• Important Number Systems (Table 1.1)
Decimal Binary Octal Hexadecimal
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 10 2 2
3 11 3 3
100 4 4
5 101 5 5
6 110 6 6
7 111 7 7
8 1000 10 8
9 1001 11 9
10 1010 12 A
11 1011 13 B
12 1100 14 C
13 1101 15 D
14 1110 16 E
15 1111 1 F
16 10000 20 10

Chapter 1 13
 Arithmetic (1)
• Binary Arithmetic
– Addition

111011 Carries
101011 Augend
+ 11001 Addend
1000100

– Subtraction

0 1 10 0 10 Borrows
1 0 0 1 0 1 Minuend
- 1 1 0 1 1 Subtrahend
1 0 1 0
Chapter 1 14
 Arithmetic (2)
– Multiplication 110
Division
Quotient
Divider 1001 111101 Dividend
1 1 0 1 0 Multiplicand 1001
x 1 0 1 0 Multiplier 1100
0 0 0 0 0 1001
111 Remainder
1 1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 Product

Chapter 1 15
 Arithmetic (3)
• Octal Arithmetic (Use Table 1.4)
– Addition

1 1 1 Carries
5 4 7 1 Augend
+ 3 7 5 4 Addend
11445 Sum

– Subtraction

6 10 4 10 Borrows
7 4 5 1 Minuend
- 5 6 4 3 Subtrahend
1 6 0 6 Difference

Chapter 1 16
 Arithmetic (4)

– Multiplication 114 Quotient Division

Divider 63 7514 Dividend
63
114
63
326 Multiplicand 364
314
x 67 Multiplier Remainder 50

2732 Partial products

2404
26772 Product
Chapter 1 17
 Arithmetic (5)
• Hexadecimal Arithmetic (Use Table 1.5)
– Addition

1 0 1 1 Carries
5 B A 9 Augend
+ D 0 5 8 Addend
1 2 C 0 1 Sum

– Subtraction

9 10 A 10 Borrows
A 5 B 9 Minuend
+ 5 8 0 D Subtrahend
4 D A C Difference

• Series Substitution Method

– Expanded form of polynomial representation:
N = an-1rn-1 + … + a0r0 + a-1r-1 + … + a-mr-m (1.3)
– Conversion Procedure (base A to base B)
• Represent the number in base A in the format of Eq. 1.3.
• Evaluate the series using base B arithmetic.
– Examples:
– (11010)2 ® ( ? )10

– (627)8 ® ( ? )10

– (11110.101)2 ® ( ? )8

– (2AD.42)16 ® ( ? )10

Chapter 1 18
 Arithmetic (6)
– Multiplication Division
79B Quotient
Divider B9 57F6D Dividend
50F
B9A5 Multiplicand 706
681
85D
x D50 Multiplier 7F3
Remainder 6A
3A0390 Partial products
96D61
9A76490 Product

Chapter 1 19
 Base Conversion (1)
• Series Substitution Method
– Expanded form of polynomial representation:
N = an-1rn-1 + … + a0r0 + a-1r-1 + … + a-mr-m (1.3)
– Conversation Procedure (base A to base B)
• Represent the number in base A in the format of Eq. 1.3.
• Evaluate the series using base B arithmetic.
– Examples:
• (11010)2 ®( ? )10
N = 1´24 + 1´23 + 0´22 + 1´21 + 0´20
= (16)10 + (8)10 + 0 + (2)10 + 0
= (26)10
• (627)8 ® ( ? )10
N = 6´82 + 2´81 + 7´80
= (384)10 + (16)10 + (7)10
= (407)10

Chapter 1 20
 Roman Number System

• The Roman numeral system is an ancient

numerical system that was used in ancient
Rome and throughout the Roman Empire.
• It is based on a combination of letters from
the Latin alphabet to represent numbers.
• Here are the basic symbols used in the Roman
numeral system along with their
corresponding values:
Symbol Value Symbol Value Symbol Value

I 1 X 10 C 100

II 2 XX 20 CC 200

III 3 XXX 30 CCC 300

IV 4 XL 40 CD 400

V 5 L 50 D 500

VI 6 LX 60 DC 600

VII 7 LXX 70 DCC 700

VIII 8 LXXX 80 DCCC 800

IX 9 CX 90 CM 900

X 10 C 100 M 1000
 Rule of Roman Numeral
• To write numbers in Roman numerals, we can use
the following rules:
• The symbols I, X, C, and M can be repeated up to
three times in a row.
• When a smaller value symbol appears before a
larger value symbol, the smaller value is subtracted.
For example, IV represents 4 (5 – 1) and IX
represents 9 (10 – 1).
• When a smaller value symbol appears after a larger
value symbol, the smaller value is added. For
example, VI represents 6 (5 + 1) and XI represents
11 (10 + 1).
• Problem 1: Convert (4525)8 into a decimal.
• Problem 2: Convert (17)10 as a binary number.
• Problem 3: Convert (1011110)2 into an octal
• Problem 4: Convert the Roman numeral
XLVIII into its decimal equivalent.
• Problem 5: Convert the Roman numeral
MCCXLV into its decimal equivalent.
• Solution:
• (4525)8 = 4 × 83 + 5 × 82 + 2 × 81 + 5 × 80
• ⇒ 45258 = 4 × 512 + 5 × 64 + 2 × 8 + 5 × 1
• ⇒ 45258 = 2048 + 320 + 16 + 5
• ⇒ 45258 = 238910
Therefore (17)10 = (10001)2
 Octal Number Binary Number
0 000
1 001
2 010
3 011
4 100
5 101
6 110
7 111

Given (1011110)2 a binary number, to convert it into octal number

Using this table we can write give number as
001 011 110 i .e
001 = 1
011 = 3
110 = 6
So (1011110)2 in octal number is (136)8
• As we know, all numbers before the greatest
symbol are subtracted from it and all the
numbers after the greatest symbol are added,
• XLVIII = 50 – 10 + 5 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 48
• Thus, XLVIII is 48 in decimal representation.
• As we know, all numbers before the greatest
symbol are subtracted from it and all the
numbers after the greatest symbol are added,
• MCCXLV = 1000 + 100 + 100 – 10 + 50
• = 1000 + 200 + 50 – 10
• = 1240
• So, the Roman numeral MCCXLV is equal to
1240 in the decimal number system.
 Questions
• Q1: Define Number System.
• Q2: How many Types of Number Systems are there?
• Q3: How many Numerals are there in Binary Number
System?
• Q4: How many Numerals are there in Octal Number System?
• Q5: How many numerals are there in Decimal Number
System?
• Q6: How many numerals are there in Hexadecimal Number
System?
• Q7: Can numbers be Converted between Different Number
Systems?
• A number system or system of number is a
way of representing and expressing numbers.
It provides a set of symbols and rules for
manipulating those symbols to perform
arithmetic operations and solve mathematical
problems.
• There are several types of number systems
commonly used in mathematics and computer
science. The most common ones are:
• Decimal Number System (base 10)
• Binary Number System (base 2)
• Octal Number System (base 8)
• Hexadecimal Number System (base16)
• There are two numerals in binary number
system i.e., 0 and 1.
• There are ten numerals in Octal number
system i.e., 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7.
• There are ten numerals in decimal number
system i.e., 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9.
• There are ten numerals in Hexadecimal
number system i.e., 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A,
B, C, D, E, and F.
• Yes, number can be converted between
different number systems, you can use the
following articles to learn about the method:
• Decimal to Binary
• Binary to Decimal
• Decimal to Hexadecimal