REVIEWER

Academic Writing
Is a process that starts with posing a
question, problematizing a concept,
evaluating an opinion and ends in answering
the question, clarifying the problem and or
arguing for a stand.

Purpose
• To inform
• To argue a specific point
• To persuade
Critique paper
• A critique is a genre of academic
writing that briefly summarizes and
critically evaluates a work or concept.
• Critiques can be used to carefully
analyze a variety of works such as:
Concept paper
• A concept paper is a short academic paper
that explains the research you plan to
conduct.
• It covers your research goals, how you'll
carry out the research, how you'll collect
data, and the questions you aim to answer
through your research.
Position paper
• A Position Paper is a common type of
academic argument writing assignment.
Typically, a Position Paper is written after
reading about and discussing a particular
issue. Quite often, the readings cover more
than one issue, and as a writer you must
choose a particular area of focus.
Research paper
• A research paper is an expanded essay that
presents your own interpretation or
evaluation or argument. When you write an
essay, you use everything that you
personally know and have thought about a
subject
Cheating
• Cheating involves acquiring
unauthorized help during an exam
(looking over someone else's shoulder
during a class test, or writing tests
answers on one's arm.
Falsification of records
• Falsification of documents or records
involves the alteration or modification
of a document that is done for an
illegal purpose. It can also include
passing such documents on to other
parties.
Plagiarism
• is usually defined as using someone else's words
or work as your own, without any kind of
acknowledgement or attribution. T
Unacceptable collaboration
• Collaboration is working with another or
receiving assistance from someone (a classmate,
friend, or parent, whether in person or
electronically) to complete course work for a
grade. Sometimes collaboration may be
permitted, other times it is not.
 Thesis Statement
To begin an outline, you need to start with
your thesis statement.
The thesis statement will be your guide
throughout the process of writing your
essay. From the thesis statement, you
can begin writing the topic sentences
for the body paragraphs in the outline
 Topic Sentence
What is a TOPIC SENTENCE?

The most important sentence in a paragraph.

The topic sentence presents or describes the point of the

paragraph, in other words, it is the main idea of a
paragraph. It can be located at the beginning, middle or
last part of the paragraph.
Supporting Detail
• Under the topic sentence for each paragraph, list
some of the supporting details, examples, or
ideas you want to include in each paragraph.

• It answers the question

• “What is the first major topic?

• What supporting details can be out under this heading?”

Well-sourced
• Academic writing uses sources to support
its claims. Sources are other texts (or
media objects like photographs or films)
that the author analyzes or uses as
evidence. Many of your sources will be
written by other academics; academic
writing is collaborative and builds on
previous research.
Unbiased
• Academic writing aims to convey
information in an impartial way. The goal is
to base arguments on the evidence under
consideration, not the author's
preconceptions. All claims should be
supported with relevant evidence, not just
asserted
Formality

• Academic writing is very explicit and

provides the reader with all the information
they need to understand your meaning.
This is in contrast to written or spoken
English in less formal contexts, which often
relies on readers or listeners to supply
extra information that completes the
message.
Well-structured
• Structure is an important feature of academic writing. A
well-structured text enables the reader to follow the
argument and navigate the text. In academic writing a
clear structure and a logical flow are imperative to a
cohesive text
Citation
• A citation identifies for the reader the
original source for an idea, information, or
image that is referred to in a work.
Plagiarism
• Plagiarism is presenting the words or ideas
of someone else as your own without
proper acknowledgment of the source.
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing means putting someone
else’s ideas into your own words.
Paraphrasing a source involves
changing the wording while preserving
the original meaning.
 Outlining
• An outline is a map of your essay. It shows what information
each section or paragraph will contain, and in what order.
• Most outlines use numbers and/or bullet points to arrange
information and convey points.
• This is essential in writing an academic paper since this
serves as the scaffold or skeleton that will direct and support
the goals and purpose of the paper.
Content
• Academic content writing is one such
specialized form of writing. Its purpose is to
present technical content to the academia
in a clear, focused and well-structured
form.
Paragraph
• A paragraph is a series of sentences that are organized
and coherent, and are all related to a single topic.
Sentence pattern
• Sentence pattern refers to the structure or arrangement
of words in a sentence. It includes the order in which
subjects, verbs, objects, and other elements are placed
within a sentence.
• Understanding sentence patterns can help writers
create sentences that are clear, coherent, and
grammatically correct. By following established
patterns, writers can effectively convey their ideas and
ensure that their writing flows smoothly.
Synonym
• A synonym is a word or phrase that has the same or
nearly the same meaning as another word or phrase in
the same language. Synonyms are often used to avoid
repetition in writing or speech, to add variety to
language, or to provide clarity and precision in
communication. For example:
• Using synonyms effectively can enhance writing by
providing nuance and depth to the language. However,
it's important to choose synonyms that accurately
convey the intended meaning and fit the context of the
sentence or passage.
Vocabulary
• "Vocabulary" refers to the set of words that a person
knows and uses in a particular language. It
encompasses the words a person understands
(receptive vocabulary) as well as the words they can
use effectively in speaking or writing (productive
vocabulary). A person's vocabulary can vary in size and
complexity depending on factors such as education,
exposure to different contexts, reading habits, and
language proficiency.
punctuation
grammar
. figurative language
. Summarizing
• Summary is a shorter version of an original text that
outlines the main points in a specific structure. The
length of your summary usually depends on the
length of the original text. There are four common
elements to include when creating a summary,
which includes the following:
Read the text thoroughly

• Read the text several times to ensure you understand

everything about the author's message
2. Take notes to identify the main idea

• Write the main points, themes or thesis you recognize in the

text. To identify this concept, try to determine the tone and
category of the text.
3. Identify the main arguments

• Reread the text more carefully to find elements that support

those main points.
4. Prepare your draft

• Rephrase those sentences on the side of the page or in your

notebook.
5. Write the summary
8. Correct and refine

Once you complete your summary, consider reading it out

loud and make any necessary corrections.
Notes – Taking
• Note-taking is the practice of recording information from different
sources and platforms. By taking notes, the writer records the essence
of the information, freeing their mind from having to recall
everything.
Clarity
• Clearness or lucidity as to perception
or understanding; freedom from
indistinctness or ambiguity.
• Clarity in writing refers to being clear
and concise to your intended audience.
Why create an outline?

Outlining is a tool we use in the writing

process to help organize our ideas, visualize
our paper’s potential structure, and to further
flesh out and develop points.

It allows the writer to understand how he or

she will connect information to support the
thesis statement and the claims of the paper
Academic fraud involves a
deliberate effort to deceive and
includes plagiarism, fabrication of
data, misrepresentation of
historical sources, tampering with
evidence, selective suppression
of unwanted or unacceptable
results, and theft of ideas. Some
cases of academic fraud are easy
Academic integrity means acting
in a way that is honest, fair,
respectful and responsible in your
studies and academic work. It
means applying these values in
your own work, and also when you
engage with the work and
contributions of others. These
values are expected of both staff
Academic dishonesty refers
to committing or contributing to
dishonest acts by those engaged in
teaching, learning, research, and
related academic activities, and it
applies not just to students, but to
everyone in the academic
environment
Academic misconduct, broadly
speaking, is any action which gains,
attempts to gain, or assists others in
gaining or attempting to gain unfair
academic advantage. It includes
plagiarism, collusion, contract
cheating, and fabrication of data as
well as the posession of
unauthorised materials during an
Jargon is the highly specialized
terminology used by a specific area
or profession. These terms are not
usually understood by people outside
that area. Jargon can help
communicate specific concepts, but it
can also make things less obvious or
less accessible to outsiders.
The term “colloquial” refers to a
style of writing that is
conversational (how we talk on a
daily basis). In academic
writing, writers discard the
colloquial style and embrace a
more professional, analytical
tone (i.e., academic writing).
Clichés
For example: ‘time will tell’ and ‘as luck would have it’.
These expressions are commonly used in speech, but for formal
writing, they lack both the specificity of meaning required to lend
accuracy to your writing, and the originality to make your writing
more interesting.
Idioms
For example: ‘a drop in the ocean’ and ‘cut to the chase’.
These expressions are extremely common in speech, but they pose
important problems in academic writing. First, as with clichés, these
expressions lack specificity of meaning. Second, and even more
problematically, because idioms cannot be understood literally, using
them risks misinterpretation of your meaning by readers without the
necessary language skills.
Fillers
For example, ‘very’, ‘so’ and ‘even’.
Vernacular is the informal
spoken language of a particular
region, culture, or group. It comes
from the Latin term vernula,
meaning “native.” When used in
literature, it indicates that the
author wrote the piece using their
daily spoken language rather than
formal language.
Coherence in a piece of writing means
that the reader can easily understand
it. The reader can see that everything
is logically arranged and connected,
and relevance to the central focus of
the essay is maintained throughout.
Cohesion refers to the
grammatical and lexical connections
between sentences and paragraphs
within a piece of writing. It ensures that
the text flows smoothly and that the
ideas are connected logically.
Transitional words
• Transitional words and phrases can create
powerful links between ideas in your paper and
can help your reader understand the logic of your
paper.

• transitional words used to connect ideas or

indicate the relationship between different
parts of the sentence.
Pronoun
• A pronoun is a word that can function as a
substitute for a noun or noun phrase.
Pronouns are used to avoid repetition of
nouns in a sentence, making the language
more concise and easier to understand.
They often refer back to a previously
mentioned noun (antecedent) and can be
used to indicate gender, number, person,
and case.
Consistency refers to the uniformity or
stability of something over time. In the
context of language usage, consistency
involves using the same conventions or
standards consistently throughout a piece
of writing. In this scenario, the English
teacher noticed that the SHS (Senior High
School) students often misuse both British
and American forms of English within the
text, indicating a lack of consistency in
Coherence refers to the logical and
orderly connection of ideas within a piece
of writing. It ensures that the text flows
smoothly and is easy to understand for
the reader. While coherence is important
in writing, it doesn't directly address the
issue of students misusing British and
American forms of English.
Conciseness refers to the quality of
being brief and to the point, avoiding
unnecessary elaboration or wordiness.
Concise writing is writing that is clear
and does not include unnecessary or
vague/unclear words or language.
Conciseness and clarity are very
important in your writing. It can be
tempting to make your writing sound
more professional or academic by
What Are the Parts of an Essay?

You can think of any essay as consisting of three parts:

the introduction, the body, and the conclusion. You
might see some small variations, but for the most
part, that is the structure of any essay.

Take the five-paragraph essay as a simple example.

With that form, you get one introductory paragraph,
three body paragraphs, and a concluding paragraph.
That’s five paragraphs, but three parts.
What Is an Introduction Paragraph?

You start with the hook. Your hook is the first sentence of your
entire essay, so you want to grab people’s attention (or hook
them) immediately.

The introduction of an essay typically addresses the

questions "What is the topic all about?" and "What is
the purpose of the essay?" It sets the stage for the
reader by providing background information on the
topic, introducing key concepts, and outlining the
main points that will be covered in the essay.
What Is a Body Paragraph?

The body paragraphs are the main part of your essay burger. Each
body paragraph presents an idea that supports your thesis. This can
include evidence from a literary source, details that build out your
thesis, or explanations for your reasoning.

The body of an essay typically contains the main points

and supporting details that develop the topic. It
addresses the questions "What are the main points of
my essay?" by presenting arguments, evidence, and
analysis to support the thesis statement or central
argument.
Supporting Detail
• Under the topic sentence for each paragraph, list
some of the supporting details, examples, or
ideas you want to include in each paragraph.

• It answers the question

• “What is the first major topic?

• What supporting details can be out under this heading?”

What Is a Concluding Paragraph?

A burger needs a solid, sturdy bottom

bun. Otherwise, the burger would fall
apart. The same holds for a conclusion. A
good conclusion holds the essay
together, while offering a unique finishing
touch to the whole thing.

This part of writing talks about the