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TCP-IP

The document outlines the TCP/IP reference model, which consists of four layers: Network Interface, Internet, Host-to-Host Transport, and Application, and compares it to the ISO-OSI model with its seven layers. It details the core protocols associated with each layer, including TCP, UDP, and various application protocols such as HTTP and FTP. Additionally, it discusses the role of port numbers in communication and the relationship between the TCP/IP model and the ISO-OSI model.

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12 views37 pages

TCP-IP

The document outlines the TCP/IP reference model, which consists of four layers: Network Interface, Internet, Host-to-Host Transport, and Application, and compares it to the ISO-OSI model with its seven layers. It details the core protocols associated with each layer, including TCP, UDP, and various application protocols such as HTTP and FTP. Additionally, it discusses the role of port numbers in communication and the relationship between the TCP/IP model and the ISO-OSI model.

Uploaded by

tanusreedutta310
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TCP/IP

Layers of TCP/IP Reference Model


• There are four layers of the TCP/IP reference model
(DOD model as named by the US Government
Agency)
– The ISO-OSI reference model is composed of seven layers
• The next slide shows the mapping of the ISO/OSI
model to the TCP/IP model
• Note that the ISO/OSI model is more widely used and
accepted but the TCP/IP model is easy to
comprehend
ISO-OSI Seven Layer Model Recalled

Layer 7 Application
Layer 6 Presentation
Layer 5 Session
Layer 4 Transport
Layer 3 Network
Layer 2 Data Link
Layer 1 Physical
Comparison of ISO-OSI Model and the DOD
(TCP/IP) Model
Application

Application
Presentation

Session

Transport Host-to-Host

Network Internet

Data Link
Network Access
Physical
Layer Reference to Protocol Recalled
Application
FTP, Telnet, SMTP,
Application
Presentation HTTP..

Session

Transport Host-to-Host TCP, UDP

Network Internet IP, ICMP, IGMP

Data Link Network


Ethernet, Token-Ring ...
Access
Physical
TCP/IP Layers
• Network interface layer
• Internet layer
• Host-to-host transport layer
• Application layer
Layer Properties
• In the following slides, the following is
described for each layer
– Layer function
– Core protocols
– Relationship to ISO/OSI model
Network Interface Layer
• Responsible for sending and receiving TCP/IP packets
on the network medium (physical/Data Link)
• Applicable LAN technologies
– Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI etc.
• Applicable WAN technologies
– X.25 (old), Frame Relay, ATM etc.
• Note that some technologies such as ATM and FDDI
may be used at both the WAN and the LAN levels
Relationship to OSI Model

Data Link Layer


Network Interface
Layer
Physical Layer
Internet Layer
• Packaging
• Addressing
• Routing
Core Internet Layer Protocols
• IP
– A connectionless unreliable protocol that is part of the
TCP/IP protocol suite
• ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
– Resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses
• ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
– Diagnostics and error reporting
• (IGMP) Internet Group Management Protocol
– Management of group multicast
More on Address Resolution Protocol
(ARP)
IP
130.182.190.90 130.182.190.50

NIC ID HAW NIC ID


AA.BB.CC.DD AB.BD.CD.DE

Resolves, for example, IP addresses to the corresponding


MAC level hardware address by for instance broadcasting.
Relationship to ISO Model

Network Layer Internet Layer


Transport Layer
• Sequencing and transmission of packets
• Acknowledgment of receipts
• Recovery of packets
• Flow control
• In essence, it engages in host-to-host
transportation of data packets and the
delivery of them to the application layer
Core Protocols of the Transport Layer

TCP
UDP (User
(Transmission
Datagram Protocol)
Control Protocol)

Transport Layer
TCP
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
• One-to-one and connection-oriented reliable
protocol
• Used in the accurate transmission of large
amount of data
• Slower compared to UDP because of
additional error checking being performed
UDP
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
• One-to-one or one-to-many,connectionless and unreliable
protocol
• Used for the transmission of small amount of data
– Accuracy is not of prime concern
– The overhead of establishing a TCP connection is not warranted
• Used in video and audio casting
– Multicasting
– Broadcasting
• Also used for multimedia transmission
• Faster compared to TCP
Relationship to ISO Model

Transport Layer
and some Transport Layer
functions of the
Session Layer
Application Layer
• Provides applications with the ability to access
the services of the other layers
• New protocols and services are always being
developed in this category
Some Core Protocols
• HTTP
• FTP
• Telnet
• SMTP
• POP3
• IMAP
• SNMP etc.
Some Application Related Application
Layer Protocols
• HTTP
• FTP
• SMTP
• Telnet
Some LAN Management/Operation
Related Application Layer Protocols

• DNS
• RIP
• SNMP
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• Protocol relating to web applications
• Current version of HTTP 1.1 has additional
features
– Upload information to the server
– Etc.
• Default port number is 80
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• File Transfer Protocol
– Used for downloading from most MP3 sites, for example
• Designed for faster file transfer over the Internet
compared to using the HTTP protocol
• FTP sites can be configured alongside a web site to
support FTP file transfer
• FTP default ports are 20 and 21
HTTP and FTP
• File transfer under FTP is faster than file
transfer under HTTP
• Choose an FTP site if there is one for
downloading files etc.
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
• Governs the transmission of mail messages
and attachments
• SMTP is used in the case of outgoing messages
• More powerful protocols such as POP3 and
IMAP4 are needed and available to manage
incoming messages
POP3/IMAP4
• Used for incoming mail
• POP3 is the older protocol
• IMAP4 is the more advanced protocol
Telnet
• Supports terminal emulation or host sessions
• For example, Telnet can be used for accessing
a Unix machine and emulating a terminal
attached to the Unix computer
Domain Name System (DNS)

Resolves domain names to IP addresses


and vice versa

www.refer.com DNS Server 130.182.125.66


Simple Network Management Protocol
(SNMP)
Facilitates the management of SNMP compliant
routers, bridges, switches etc. by enabling
the collection and exchange of
network management information.
Router

Router Bridge

Remote
Switch Management
Console
SNMP
• Used by network management utilities to
manage network devices
• For example, a manageable hub that support
SNMP can be managed from a remote
location using a SNMP based LAN
management software
Relationship to ISO Model

Presentation Application Layer


Layer
Ports
• TCP requires port numbers on the host and
destination for communication
– Different port numbers are assigned to different
protocols by default
• HTTP 80, Telnet 23, FTP 20/21, RPC 135, NetBIOS 139
etc.
• Standard port numbers have been assigned by
the Internet Assigned Number Authority
(IANA)
Using Port Numbers on Addresses
• Standard access for web browsing
– Ganesan.calstatela.edu
– Default port of 80 is used in this case
• Non-standard access
– http://ganesan.calstatela.edu:5002
– The port number 5002 is used in this case to host
the above web server
Sample TCP Port Numbers

20 FTP Data Channel


21 FTP Control Channel
23 Telnet
80 HTTP on WWW
135 RPC
139 NetBIOS Session
Services
Note: There are port numbers applicable to UDP as well.
T
R
A
N
S
.
M
E
D
I
U
M

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