HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT

OF PHILIPPINE
DEMOCRATIC POLITICS
THEE DEVELOPMET OF
PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT

- The evolution of Philippine politics may be presented through the various historical
periods that the country has undergone. The discussion will be divided as follows:
1. precolonial period ( before 1565)
2. Spanish period ( 1565- 1898)
3. revolutionary period ( 1868- 1898)
4. American period ( 1898-n1941)
5. Japanese occupation ( 1941- 1945)
6. postwar era or the third Philippine republic ( 1946- 1971)
7. martial law era ( 1972- 1981) and the fourth republic ( 1981- 1986)
8. post- EDSA or the fifth republic ( 1986- present)
PRECOLONIAL
PERIOD
 Even before the Spaniards arrived in the Philippines in 1521, there already existed
a system of governance in precolonial Philippines.
 Back then, the Philippines was an archipelago organized into several independent
and self-
sufficient political units known as the BARANGAY.
 This unit is headed by a chief as the DATU.
 Present also during the precolonial times was the system of stratification. The
stratification was based on class, which include:
a. nobility( maharlika)
b. freeman ( timawa)
c. the serf ( aliping namamahay)
d. the slaves ( aliping sagigilid)
SPANISH
PERIOD

 Ferdinand Magellan’s arrival in the Philippines in 1521 became

the
Spanish crown’s basis for the occupation of the archipelago.
 Thereafter, a number of expeditions were sent to formally
colonize the archipelago.
 However, it was only during Miguel de Lopez conquest of the
islands in1565 did the formal establishment of a colonial
government take place.
 The precolonial government was characterized by independent barangay, the Spaniards
consolidated power under a centralized government which was led by the GOVERNOR-
GENERAL.
 With his authority based in Manila( intramuros), the governor- general was likewise an
all powerful individual.
 Recognizing the influence of the datus for the easier pacification of natives, the Spaniards
appointed the chieftains as the CABEZA DE BARANGAY.
 The unified barangays composed the pueblos or town which were led by the
LITTLE GOVERNOR).
GOBERNADORCILLO (
 The consolidated towns then form into provinces which could be categorized into
two:
a. alcaldia- provinces fully subjugated headed by ALCALDE MAYOR.
B. corregimiento- provinces that were not entirely pacified under spansh
authority led
- ROYAL AUDIENCIA- is an independent by CORREGIDOR.
body created to hear and
solve cases.
- audiencias were established in MANILA, CEBU, VIGAN.
REVOLUTIONARY
PERIOD

 The PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT, led by key figures such as Jose Rizal , Marcelo H. del
Pilar and Graciano Lopez Jaena advocated reforms such that the same rights and
freedoms being enjoyed in Spain would also be granted to Filipinos.
 They also wrote novels, manifestos and articles that called for reforms.
 However, the failure of the propaganda to initiate changes in the society gave birth
to a secret association (KKK).
 As an organization, the katipunan adopted its own form of government,which had
national
local levels.
and
 The katipunan was governed
by the:
1. kataastaasang sanggunian( supreme council) – which was composed of the

president, secretary/ies, treasurer and fiscal.

2. sangguniang balangay ( provincial council)
3. sangguniang bayan ( popular council )
4. sangguniang hukuman ( judicial council)
 Events, however, led to the division of the kaatipunan into
two factions:
a. the Magdalo
b. Magdiwang

- On march 22, 1897, the Tejeros Convention was called, where Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo
was elected as President.
- On November 1, 1897, Aguinaldo established the BIAK- NA- BATO REPUBLIC. Its
constitution declared the
creation of an independent Philippine state.
AMERICAN
PERIOD

 The signingof the TREATY OF PARIS signaled the end of the Spanish- American war.
 The treaty involved United States payment of $20 million to Spain after the latter
ceded all as imperial possessions including Puerto Rico, Guam and Philippines.
 WILLIAM H. TAFT became the first civil governor of the Philippines. The civil governor
acte as the head of the executive branch and also exercised legislative powers as the
head of the Philippine Commission, a lawmaking body whose members were all
appointed.
 In 1902, the Philippine Act( cooper act) was enacted which provide for the creation of
a Philippine legislature.
 By 1916, the Philippine Autonomy Act( Jones law) provided for the reorganization of
thelegislature
Philippine into a fully elected and Filipino- controlled bicameral body.
 Until in 1934, tydings- McDuffie Act ( Philippine Independent Act) was ratified by the
US Congress.
 It established the Philippine Commonwealth, which provided for a 10- year transition
period that
would prepare the Filipinos for self- governance.
 President Manuel Quezon and Vice President Sergio Osmena headed the first
commonwealth government.
JAPANESE
PERIOD
 The Japanese occupation of Manila signaled the establishment of the
Japanese Military Administration on January 3, 1942.
 An initial move, the Japanese military forces established the Philippine Executive
Commission (PEC) a civil government that would temporary rule the country.
 In 1943, aa new constitution was promulgated and the Japanese sponsored
Philippine Republic was established.
 JOSE P. LAUREL served as its president, also called the SECOND REPUBLIC.
 Second Republic is commonly referred to as a PUPPET GOVERNMENT.
POSTWAR
ERA

 The structure of postwar Philippine politics and government was founded on the
1935
constitution.
 The first president of the third republic was Manuel Roxas, followd by Elpidio
Quirino, Ramon Magsaysay, Carlos P. Garcia, Diosdado Macapagal and the first
term of Ferdinand Marcos
 Marcos second term saw changes in the governmental structure and the
ratification of a new
constitution in 1973.
MARTIAL LAW ERA AND THE FOURTH
REPUBLIC
 In 1965, Ferdinand Marcos was elected to the presidency and his
administration was characterized by an :
A. INCREASED AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY
B. MASSIVE INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
C. DEFINING DIPLOMATIC POLICY
In 1969, he ran for reelection and succeeded, making him the only president
under the 1935 constitution to be elected for a second term.
That time, however the country was undergoing worsening economic condition,
deteriorating peace and order, social discontent and a growing communist insurgency.
 Under Marcos administration, a new constitution was adopted in 1973.
 The 1973 constitution provided that the Philippines will have a modified
parliamentary form of
government.
 During Martial law, the political rights and civil liberties of the people as well as their
wererights
human suppressed and violated.
 Marcos lifted martial law by 1981, he continued to exercise
dictatorship powers.
 Calls to end his dictatorial regime brought Filipinos to take to the streets to
participates in a popular and nonviolent uprising called the EDSA PEOPLE POWER
which osted Marcos and ended his dictatorial rule.
POST- EDSA
PERIOD
 The period from 1986 onward is the restoration of democracy. The fall of the
dictatorship marked the shift toward redemocratization and return to
constitutionalism.
 A revolutionary government was created following Corazon Aquino’s ascent to
presidency.
 When the new Philippine Constitution was ratified in 1987, a democratic and
republican
government was established.
 The POST- EDSA era also known as the FIFTH REPBULIC.
 CORAZON AQUINO served as the first [resident of the fifth republic. Followed by FIDEL
RAMOS, JOSEPH ESTRADA after being dispose by the EDSA PEOPLE POWER II.
 ESTRADA was succeded by his vice president GLORIA MACAPAGAL ARROYO, followed
by
BENIGNO AQUINO.
 Today, the Philippines is headed by RODRIGO DUTERTE, the first president to have