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week 5

The document provides an introduction to statistics, focusing on data types, sources, and collection methods. It distinguishes between qualitative and quantitative data, outlines primary and secondary data sources, and discusses various sampling techniques. Additionally, it covers advantages of sampling and different methods of both probability and non-probability sampling.

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mohammed nisath
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2 views

week 5

The document provides an introduction to statistics, focusing on data types, sources, and collection methods. It distinguishes between qualitative and quantitative data, outlines primary and secondary data sources, and discusses various sampling techniques. Additionally, it covers advantages of sampling and different methods of both probability and non-probability sampling.

Uploaded by

mohammed nisath
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Statistics for IT

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
Week 5
Data
 Data are measurements or observations that are collected as a source
of information
 Eg: The number of people in Sri Lanka
the countries where people were born
the value of sales of a particular product
Types of Data
 Qualitative Data: They represent some characteristics or attributes.
They depict descriptions that may be observed but cannot be
computed or calculated. For example, data on attributes such
as intelligence, honesty, wisdom, cleanliness, and creativity collected
using the students of your class a sample would be classified as
qualitative.
 Quantitative Data: These can be measured and not simply observed.
They can be numerically represented and calculations can be
performed on them. For example, data on the number of students
playing different sports from your can be classified as quantitative.
Sources of Data
 Primary Data
These are the data that are collected for the first time by an investigator for a
specific purpose. Primary data are ‘pure’ in the sense that no statistical
operations have been performed on them and they are original. An example of
primary data is the Census of Sri Lanka
 Secondary Data
They are the data that are sourced from someplace that has originally collected
it. This means that this kind of data has already been collected by some
researchers or investigators in the past and is available either in published or
unpublished form. This information is impure as statistical operations may have
been performed on them already. .
Primary Data
Examples for primary data
 Customer surveys
 Market research
 Scientific experiments
 Traffic counts
Primary Data Collection Methods
 Interviews
• It involves two groups of people, where the first group is the interviewer (the
researcher(s) asking questions and collecting data) and the interviewee (the
subject or respondent that is being asked questions).
• Interviews can be carried out in 2 ways, namely; in-person interviews and
telephonic interviews.
• An in-person interview requires an interviewer or a group of interviewers to
ask questions from the interviewee in a face-to-face fashion. It can be direct
or indirect, structured or structure, focused or unfocused
 Surveys & Questionnaires
• They are a group of questions typed or written down and sent to the sample
of study to give responses.
• After giving the required responses, the survey is given back to the researcher
to record.
• There are 2 main types of surveys used for data collection, namely; online and
offline surveys.
 Observation
• The observation method is mostly used in studies related to behavioral
science.
• There are different approaches to the observation method—structured or
unstructured, controlled or uncontrolled, and participant, non-participant, or
disguised approach
Secondary data
Secondary data collection methods
 data are available in various resources including
• Government publications
• Public records
• Historical and statistical documents
• Business documents
• Technical and trade journals
Sampling
 Sampling is the process of selecting units from a population.

 Population: it is the set of all observations considered in the research


 Sample: sample is a subset of a population
Advantages of sampling
 Cost is lower
 Data collection is faster
 Improve accuracy & quality
 If the items are destroyed through the test then sampling is the only
alternative
Sampling methods
 Probability Sampling
• In probability sampling technique the units are selected from the population
at random using probabilistic methods.
• reasons for using probability sampling
• Making statistical inferences
• Achieving a representative sample
• Minimising sampling bias
• bias means that the units selected from the population for inclusion in your
sample are not representative of that population
Types of probability sampling
techniques
 Random sampling
• In this method, each item in the population has the same probability of being
selected as part of the sample as any other item. Random sampling can be
done with or without replacement. eg: 100 are listed and a group of 20 may
be selected from this list at random.
 Systematic sampling
• In this method, every nth element from the list is selected as the sample. eg:
from a list we would select every 5th, 10th, 15th, 20th, etc
 Stratified sampling
• A stratum is a subset of the population that share at least one common
characteristic. Within each stratum, a simple random sample or systematic
sample is selected. Examples of stratums might be males and females, or
managers and non-managers.
 Cluster Sampling
• The population is divided into groups called clusters & a set of clusters are
selected randomly to include in the sample.
• · One-stage sampling. All of the elements within selected clusters are included in the
sample.
• · Two-stage sampling. A subset of elements within selected clusters are randomly
selected for inclusion in the sample
Non Probability sampling
 In non probability sampling the samples are selected based on the
subjective judgement of the researcher, rather than random selection
 reasons for using non probability sampling
• the procedures used to select units for inclusion in a sample are much easier,
quicker and cheaper when compared with probability sampling
Types of non probability
sampling techniques
 · Quota sampling
• In quota sampling, the aim is to end up with a sample where the strata (groups) being studied
(e.g. males vs. females students) are proportional to the population being studied. For instance,
if you know the population has 40% women and 60% men, and that you want a total sample
size of 100, you will continue sampling until you get those percentages and then you will stop.
 · Convenience sampling
• A convenience sample is simply one where the units that are selected for inclusion in the
sample are the easiest to access. For example if there are 10,000 students, if the sample size is
100 students, we may stand at the main entrance, & gather data from passing by students
 · Purposive sampling
• we sample with a purpose in mind. First the respondents are verified to check whether they
meet the criteria for being in the sample. Purposive sampling can be very useful for situations
where you need to reach a targeted sample quickly and where sampling for proportionality is
not the primary concern.In super market asking questions from certain people
 Snowball sampling
• In snowball sampling, you begin by identifying someone who meets the
criteria for inclusion in your study. You then ask them to recommend others
who they may know who also meet the criteria. Snowball sampling is
particularly appropriate when the population you are interested in is hidden
and/or hard-to-reach. These include populations such as drug addicts,
homeless people, individuals with AIDS.

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