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ITM11 logarithms

This document covers the fundamentals of logarithms, including conversions between exponential and logarithmic forms, solving logarithmic equations, and applying the basic rules of logarithms. It also discusses the properties of logarithms, such as common and natural logarithms, and provides examples for evaluating and simplifying logarithmic expressions. Additionally, it includes notes on the change of base formula and cautions regarding the application of logarithmic rules.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
31 views

ITM11 logarithms

This document covers the fundamentals of logarithms, including conversions between exponential and logarithmic forms, solving logarithmic equations, and applying the basic rules of logarithms. It also discusses the properties of logarithms, such as common and natural logarithms, and provides examples for evaluating and simplifying logarithmic expressions. Additionally, it includes notes on the change of base formula and cautions regarding the application of logarithmic rules.

Uploaded by

preciousgeolin88
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 37

UNIT 2 (part 3) : LOGARITHMS

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
• Conversions of logarithms
• Solving simple logarithmic equations
• Know the basic rules of logarithms
• Use and apply the rules of logarithms
• Write as a single logarithm
• Expanding of logarithms
• Changing of base
LOGARITHMS
Introduction:
 Any real number can be written as another number raised to a power
𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡h 𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤h𝑖𝑐h 𝑖𝑠 𝑡h𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑡h𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 .
Exponenti
al
 Having implies that
to
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑡h𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡h𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡h 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑏 .
Logarithm
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 :

100 102 (exponential form)  log10 100 2 (logarithmic form)


16 24 (exponential form)  log 2 16 4 (logarithmic form)
Examples – from exponential to logarithm

CHANGING FORMS
Example 1) Write the following into logarithmic form:

a) 33 = 27 log327=3

b) 45 = 256 log4256=5

c) 27 = 128 log2128=7

d) (1/3)x=27 log1/327=x
Exponenti
al
to
Express the following exponential format in logarithm:
Logarithm
Logarithm to
Exponential
form
Write log 81 4 in exp onential
3 form
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 :
4
3 81
Another example:

1
Write log2  3 in exp onential form.
8

Solution:  3 1
2 
8
Examples – from logarithm to
exponential

CHANGING FORMS
Example 2) Write the following into exponential form:

a) log264=6 26 = 64

b) log255=1/2 251/2 = 5

c) log81=0 80 = 1

d) log1/39=-2 (1/3)-2 = 9
Logarithm to
Exponential
Express the following logarithms in exponential
format:
log 81 4
3
logc x  z

log 32 5
2
2 log 7 49
x log5 25
EVALUATING LOGARITHMS

Find the value of x for each example:

a) 27 = x b) log5x = 3 c) log3x = 0
3

( ) 5 =𝑥
𝑥
1
= 27 0
3 =𝑥
3 𝑥=125
𝑥 𝑥 =1
( 3− 1 ) =33
− 𝑥= 3
𝑥=− 3
d) (1/9) = 2
1
𝑥 2=
9
2 −1
𝑥 =9
1
𝑥=3 −1 → 𝑥=
3
Solve the following indicial equations:

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Solve the following logarithmic
equations:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
LOGARITHMS
Note:
 Logarithm of 1 is zero.

 Logarithm of a number grater than 1 is positive.

 Logarithm of a number between 0 and 1 is negative.


 Logarithm of a negative number cannot be evaluated as a real number.
LOGARITHMS continues…
Rules of logarithms:
For all b  0, b 1, and M , N  0 (b, M , N real numbers) ,
1. log b MN Logb M  logb N
6. log b b n n
M
2. log b logb M  logb N 7.b logb n n
N
3. log b M n n log a M 8 log c a
log b a 
log c b
4. log b 1 0
1
5. log b b 1 9. log b a 
log a b
Laws of Logarithms
Condensed Expanded

1.
log a MN  log a M  log a N
2. M
log a log a M  log a N
N
3.
log a M r r log a M
**These properties are based on rules of exponents
since logarithms are exponents
A Note of Caution!
All logs must be to the same
base in applying the rules
and solving for values.
More caution …….
log 𝑎 ( 𝑥+ 𝑦 ) ≠ log 𝑎 𝑥+ log 𝑎 𝑦

log 6  6
log 2 x 
3
 log   3log 2 x
log 2  2
LOGARITHMS
Common Logarithms
 Logarithms to base are called and are written without indicating the base.
 For example is simply written as without indicating base and is simply written
as .

Natural Logarithms
 The logarithms to base are called

eg . 8 e 2,079 (exponential form)  log e 8 2, 079 (logarithmic form)


e represents the number 2,71828
logarithms with base e is presented as log e x = ln x (pronounced 'lin')
LOGARITHMS
Evaluate the following logarithms:

 1 1
(a ) log 32 (b) log6 36 (c) log 625 ( d ) log (e) log ( f ) log 1
2 5 2  2  1
 2  4
 1  1
( g ) log a (h) log 2 (i ) log ( j ) log 3 ( k ) log 4 (l ) log
a 8 8  27 8 27  
 2  9
Worked out
examples: log 5 25 125  log 3 81 3 243
log 5 25  log 5 125  log 3 81  log 3 3 243
1 1
 log 5 52  log 5 125  log 3 34  log 3 243
2 3

1 3 1 5
 2 log 5 5  log 5 5  4 log3 3  log3 3
2 3
1 1
2 1  3  4 1  5 
2 3
55

6
find the value of
log 3 81  log 4 64  log 2 32  2  log16 32 64  log 1 625
5

4  3  log 2 2 
5 2
 log16 32 8  log 1 5 4

4  3   10   2   4 
19
LOGARITHMS
Evaluate the following logarithms:
log 9 log e 7
3 log e 3
1
log  1
28 1
log 81  log 36  log 8 3
3 6 2
4 log x 81 2
log
2 8
log 8  log 9  log5 25
2 3 log 8 2
4
LOGARITHMS
Simplify the following logarithms without using a
calculator:
log10 15  log10 12

log5 4 25  log 125


25
log 27  log5 25
9
1
log 7  2log 2
49 2

 1
1
log 81 1  log  log 9 2  log 201
3 6 36 3 201
Simplification of logarithmic expressions
Simplify the following without the logarithmic
values (examples):

1. log1000  2 log100 2. log 400  log 4


3 2 400
log10  2 log10 log
4
3log10  4 log10 log100
3  4 log10 2
7 2
Simplification of logarithmic expressions
Simplify the following without the logarithmic
values (examples):
4. log 2 0,125 
2
3. log 5 250  log 5 2
log 5 250
5 2 log 2 0,125
 log 5 125 2 log 2 18
5log 5 5 2 log 2 2 3
5  6
Simplification of logarithmic expressions
Simplify the following without the logarithmic
values (examples):
5. log 4 32 6. ln ( x 2  4)  ln( x  2)
log 32 x2  4
 ln
log 4 x2
5log 2 ( x  2) ( x  2)
 ln
2 log 2 x 2
52 ln( x  2)
Write as a single logarithm -
condense
3log 2 x  log 2 4  log 2 y 

log 2 x  log 2 4 y 
3

3
x
log 2
4y
log316 + log24 = ?
Logarithm continues…
Write as a single logarithm:

19. log t a  log t b  log t y  log t c


20. 2 log xy  log x 2
21. 2 log( x  3)  1  log(3 x  2)
22. log 2 34  2 log t 5  1  log 2 3  log 2 x
Expanding Logarithms
Use the laws of logarithms to expand the expression:

25 x 7 y
log 5
z
7 1/ 2
log5 25  log5 x  log5 y  log5 z

1
2  7 log 5 x  log 5 y  log 5 z
2
Logarithm continues…
Express as separate logarithm:
2
23. log
( pg ) 2
mn
24. log 2 2
m n
a b
25. log km
4
p
26. log 5 10
q
Change of base property
to any other base

Logbx
Logax =
Logba
Change of Base Formula to base
10
logM
logb M 
logb
Change of Base Formula to base
10

 Example 1

log 8
log 5 8  1.2900 if we change to base10
log 5
Change of Base Formula to base
10

 Example 2:
Change of Base
Evaluate the following by changing of
bases:

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