ITM11 logarithms
ITM11 logarithms
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
• Conversions of logarithms
• Solving simple logarithmic equations
• Know the basic rules of logarithms
• Use and apply the rules of logarithms
• Write as a single logarithm
• Expanding of logarithms
• Changing of base
LOGARITHMS
Introduction:
Any real number can be written as another number raised to a power
𝐿𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡h 𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑤h𝑖𝑐h 𝑖𝑠 𝑡h𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑡h𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 .
Exponenti
al
Having implies that
to
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑡h𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡h𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑤𝑖𝑡h 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑏 .
Logarithm
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 :
CHANGING FORMS
Example 1) Write the following into logarithmic form:
a) 33 = 27 log327=3
b) 45 = 256 log4256=5
c) 27 = 128 log2128=7
d) (1/3)x=27 log1/327=x
Exponenti
al
to
Express the following exponential format in logarithm:
Logarithm
Logarithm to
Exponential
form
Write log 81 4 in exp onential
3 form
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 :
4
3 81
Another example:
1
Write log2 3 in exp onential form.
8
Solution: 3 1
2
8
Examples – from logarithm to
exponential
CHANGING FORMS
Example 2) Write the following into exponential form:
a) log264=6 26 = 64
b) log255=1/2 251/2 = 5
c) log81=0 80 = 1
d) log1/39=-2 (1/3)-2 = 9
Logarithm to
Exponential
Express the following logarithms in exponential
format:
log 81 4
3
logc x z
log 32 5
2
2 log 7 49
x log5 25
EVALUATING LOGARITHMS
a) 27 = x b) log5x = 3 c) log3x = 0
3
( ) 5 =𝑥
𝑥
1
= 27 0
3 =𝑥
3 𝑥=125
𝑥 𝑥 =1
( 3− 1 ) =33
− 𝑥= 3
𝑥=− 3
d) (1/9) = 2
1
𝑥 2=
9
2 −1
𝑥 =9
1
𝑥=3 −1 → 𝑥=
3
Solve the following indicial equations:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Solve the following logarithmic
equations:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
LOGARITHMS
Note:
Logarithm of 1 is zero.
1.
log a MN log a M log a N
2. M
log a log a M log a N
N
3.
log a M r r log a M
**These properties are based on rules of exponents
since logarithms are exponents
A Note of Caution!
All logs must be to the same
base in applying the rules
and solving for values.
More caution …….
log 𝑎 ( 𝑥+ 𝑦 ) ≠ log 𝑎 𝑥+ log 𝑎 𝑦
log 6 6
log 2 x
3
log 3log 2 x
log 2 2
LOGARITHMS
Common Logarithms
Logarithms to base are called and are written without indicating the base.
For example is simply written as without indicating base and is simply written
as .
Natural Logarithms
The logarithms to base are called
1 1
(a ) log 32 (b) log6 36 (c) log 625 ( d ) log (e) log ( f ) log 1
2 5 2 2 1
2 4
1 1
( g ) log a (h) log 2 (i ) log ( j ) log 3 ( k ) log 4 (l ) log
a 8 8 27 8 27
2 9
Worked out
examples: log 5 25 125 log 3 81 3 243
log 5 25 log 5 125 log 3 81 log 3 3 243
1 1
log 5 52 log 5 125 log 3 34 log 3 243
2 3
1 3 1 5
2 log 5 5 log 5 5 4 log3 3 log3 3
2 3
1 1
2 1 3 4 1 5
2 3
55
6
find the value of
log 3 81 log 4 64 log 2 32 2 log16 32 64 log 1 625
5
4 3 log 2 2
5 2
log16 32 8 log 1 5 4
4 3 10 2 4
19
LOGARITHMS
Evaluate the following logarithms:
log 9 log e 7
3 log e 3
1
log 1
28 1
log 81 log 36 log 8 3
3 6 2
4 log x 81 2
log
2 8
log 8 log 9 log5 25
2 3 log 8 2
4
LOGARITHMS
Simplify the following logarithms without using a
calculator:
log10 15 log10 12
1
1
log 81 1 log log 9 2 log 201
3 6 36 3 201
Simplification of logarithmic expressions
Simplify the following without the logarithmic
values (examples):
log 2 x log 2 4 y
3
3
x
log 2
4y
log316 + log24 = ?
Logarithm continues…
Write as a single logarithm:
25 x 7 y
log 5
z
7 1/ 2
log5 25 log5 x log5 y log5 z
1
2 7 log 5 x log 5 y log 5 z
2
Logarithm continues…
Express as separate logarithm:
2
23. log
( pg ) 2
mn
24. log 2 2
m n
a b
25. log km
4
p
26. log 5 10
q
Change of base property
to any other base
Logbx
Logax =
Logba
Change of Base Formula to base
10
logM
logb M
logb
Change of Base Formula to base
10
Example 1
log 8
log 5 8 1.2900 if we change to base10
log 5
Change of Base Formula to base
10
Example 2:
Change of Base
Evaluate the following by changing of
bases: