INT524

Applied Machine Learning

UNIT-3

Machine learning classifiers using

scikit-learn

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Choosing a Classification
Algorithm
Choosing a Classification Algorithm
• Define the classification problem's key parameters.

• Compare supervised versus unsupervised learning approaches.

• Evaluate dataset size and feature distribution.

• Select models: decision trees or SVM.

• Consider overfitting versus underfitting trade-offs.

• Optimize hyperparameters using cross-validation techniques.

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Choosing a Classification Algorithm
• Balance simplicity and accuracy during selection.

• Analyze feature importance for interpretability improvement.

• Assess scalability for large dataset handling requirements.

• Use domain expertise guiding algorithm decision-making process.

• Compare ensemble methods: boosting and bagging approaches.

• Review published benchmarks guiding method suitability..

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First Steps with Scikit-learn

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First Steps with Scikit-learn

• Install Scikit-learn via pip installation.

• Import essential libraries for data pre-processing functions.

• Load dataset using Scikit-learn's built-in modules.

• Split data into training and testing datasets.

• Use Standard Scaler for feature normalization purposes.

• Train and evaluate model using Scikit-learn pipeline.

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First Steps with Scikit-learn

• Implement K-Nearest Neighbors for simple classification.

• Compare classifiers' accuracy using classification report.

• Visualize performance metrics via confusion matrix tools.

• Perform hyperparameter tuning using Grid SearchCV module.

• Fit model with fit(X, y) functionality directly.

• Validate predictions with predict() Scikit-learn method.

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Implementing Perceptron
Learning
• Understand perceptron learning rule and limitations.

• Initialize perceptron model with weight values randomly.

• Train perceptron using iterative weight adjustment technique.

• Update weights based on misclassified points feedback.

• Evaluate perceptron using linear separability assumptions.

• Debug convergence issues within non-linearly separable datasets.

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Implementing Perceptron
Learning
• Visualize decision boundary changes during training.

• Compare perceptron with multi-layer perceptron advancements.

• Implement stochastic gradient descent as optimization method.

• Combine perceptron outputs for ensemble classifier systems.

• Explore activation functions improving perceptron versatility.

• Analyze computational complexity within real-world applications.

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Implementing Perceptron
Learning

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Modeling Class Probabilities via
Logistic Regression
• Logistic regression predicts categorical class probabilities effectively.

• Use sigmoid function mapping values between zero, one.

• Optimize coefficients using maximum likelihood estimation techniques.

• Decision boundary determined by learned regression parameters.

• Handle binary or multiclass classification problems efficiently.

• Regularization controls overfitting in logistic regression models.

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Modeling Class Probabilities via
Logistic Regression
• Probability threshold determines class label assignment.

• Train model using sklearn's Logistic Regression module.

• Evaluate performance with precision-recall trade-off curve.

• Compare logistic regression versus linear discriminant analysis approaches.

• Visualize decision boundaries separating positive-negative classes.

• Adjust regularization parameter tuning model generalization ability.

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Modeling Class Probabilities via
Logistic Regression

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Maximum Margin Classification
with SVM
• Support vector machine maximizes decision margin boundaries.

• Kernel tricks handle nonlinear classification problem complexity.

• Hyperplane separates classes using maximal geometric margins.

• Balance margin size and classification misclassification penalties.

• Radial basis function kernel transforms input feature space.

• Use sklearn's SVC class for support vector implementation.

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Maximum Margin Classification
with SVM
• Support vectors determine the hyperplane's optimal position.

• Choose regularization parameter controlling decision boundary flexibility.

• Assess model accuracy through cross-validation techniques robustly.

• Visualize hyperplanes using two-dimensional data point plots.

• Test linear versus non-linear kernel method choices.

• Address scalability issues for high-dimensional large datasets .

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Maximum Margin Classification
with SVM

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Decision Tree Learning

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Decision Tree Learning

• Split dataset recursively based on attribute conditions.

• Leaf nodes represent decision outcomes for predictions.

• Minimize entropy ensuring maximal information gain splits.

• Decision tree algorithms: ID3, C4.5, and CART implementations.

• Avoid overfitting using pruning strategies reducing tree depth.

• Evaluate decision tree with accuracy, precision, recall metrics.

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Decision Tree Learning
• Handle both regression, classification problems effectively.

• Random forests combine multiple decision tree outputs.

• Interpret decision trees with straightforward visualization techniques.

• Compare decision trees versus rule-based learning methods.

• Limit tree growth depth improving generalization performance.

• Adjust criteria parameters splitting nodes intelligently within trees.

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K-Nearest Neighbor Algorithm

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K-Nearest Neighbor Algorithm

• Classify instances based on proximity to neighbors.

• Choose optimal k using validation curve analysis.

• Distance metrics: Euclidean, Manhattan, Minkowski comparisons.

• Simple yet effective instance-based lazy learning approach.

• Sensitive to noise and outliers influencing predictions.

• Evaluate KNN using sklearn's Kneighbors Classifier implementation.

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Bayesian Learning
• Apply Bayes' theorem calculating posterior probabilities effectively.

• Naive Bayes assumes feature independence simplifying computation.

• Suitable for text classification problems with high accuracy.

• Use prior knowledge refining model probabilistic predictions.

• Train Bayesian models efficiently with small training datasets.

• Compare Bayesian networks versus frequentist learning approaches.

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Combining Different Models for
Ensemble Learning

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Combining Different Models for
Ensemble Learning
• Ensemble methods improve overall model prediction performance.

• Combine diverse classifiers reducing individual model bias.

• Increase robustness by aggregating predictions intelligently together.

• Stacking combines outputs via meta-classifier learning.

• Boost diversity using different base learners' techniques.

• Evaluate ensemble against single models for accuracy improvement.

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Combining Different Models for
Ensemble Learning
• Diversify models by varying hyperparameters during training.

• Hybrid ensembles mix classifiers improving decision boundaries robustness.

• Avoid overfitting by combining weak learners effectively.

• Explore weighted averaging techniques for ensemble prediction accuracy.

• Use sklearn's Voting Classifier implementing ensemble combination logic.

• Visualize ensemble learning performance using ROC curve metrics.

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Majority Voting Classifier
• Aggregate predictions using simple majority voting mechanism.

• Combine classifiers’ outputs maximizing classification accuracy rates.

• Weighted voting assigns importance to classifier contributions.

• Evaluate hard versus soft voting strategies effectiveness.

• Majority voting handles imbalanced datasets less efficiently sometimes.

• Implement voting classifier using sklearn's Voting Classifier module.

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Majority Voting Classifier

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Bagging and Boosting Classifier
• Bagging reduces variance by averaging model predictions.

• Bootstrap aggregation creates diverse subsets for training improvements.

• Boosting focuses on correcting weak classifiers' errors iteratively.

• Adaptive boosting adjusts sample weights improving prediction

performance.

• Gradient boosting combines models minimizing loss functions effectively.

• Compare bagging versus boosting approaches handling overfitting issues.

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Bagging and Boosting Classifier

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Random Forest Classifier
• Random forests combine decision trees improving classification robustness.

• Each tree trained on bootstrap samples from datasets.

• Random subset selection reduces correlation among decision trees.

• Handles high-dimensional datasets efficiently ensuring generalization

ability.

• Evaluate random forests using sklearn's Random Forest Classifier module.

• Assess feature importance via random forest interpretation techniques.

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Random Forest Classifier

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Evaluation Metrics for Classification
• Use confusion matrix evaluating classification model performance.

• Precision measures relevance of positive predictions accurately.

• Recall assesses model sensitivity to true positives.F1-score balances

precision-recall trade-off effectively.

• Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve visualizes model

thresholds.

• Area Under Curve (AUC) evaluates overall classifier effectiveness.

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Evaluation Metrics for Classification
• Accuracy measures proportion of correctly predicted labels.

• Misclassification rate identifies error proportion in predictions.

• Cross-validation evaluates model generalization using training

subsets.

• Compare metrics for imbalanced datasets classification evaluation.

• Log loss quantifies probabilistic predictions’ performance effectively.

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Evaluation Metrics for Classification

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What's Next?

Predicting continuous target

variables with regression analysis