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Molecule 2

A molecule is formed when two or more atoms combine by chemical bonds and can exist independently. Molecules can be classified as elements, compounds, or ions, with atomicity defining the number of atoms in a molecule. The document also discusses molecular mass, the mole concept, and provides examples of calculations related to atoms and molecules.

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APS Apoorv prakash singh
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9 views23 pages

Molecule 2

A molecule is formed when two or more atoms combine by chemical bonds and can exist independently. Molecules can be classified as elements, compounds, or ions, with atomicity defining the number of atoms in a molecule. The document also discusses molecular mass, the mole concept, and provides examples of calculations related to atoms and molecules.

Uploaded by

APS Apoorv prakash singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Molecule

APS ACADEMY
What is a Molecule?
 A molecule is formed when two
or more atoms combine together
by chemical bonds.
 They do not have any charge and
are neutral.
 They are also capable of
independent existence.
Molecules of Elements
 Molecules of elements are made up of same atoms.

For example, an oxygen molecule is composed of 2


oxygen atoms and is denoted by O2.

An ozone molecule is composed of 3


oxygen atoms and is denoted by O3.

However, molecules of gases such as


Helium, Neon, Argon have only one
atom and are denoted by He, Ne, Ar.
Atom v Molecule
Atomicity
 The number of atoms in a molecule is called its atomicity.

 Since O2 has two atoms, it is said to be diatomic.

 Since ozone (O3) has three atoms, it is triatomic.

 Water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are also triatomic.

 Noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn) are monoatomic and
are capable of independent existence.
 Phosphorus (P4) is tetra-atomic.
Ions
 Ion is an electrically charged substance, made
up of an atom or molecule which
loses/gains an electron.
 Consider HCl

HCl is formed by H+ and Cl–


Anions and Cations
 Ions are of two types: anions and cations.

 Cations are positively charged


ions.
 Anions are negatively charged
ions.

NaCl is formed by Na+ cation


and Cl– anion.
Molecular Mass
 Molecular mass is the sum of atomic masses of all atoms.

 Calculate the molecular mass of CO2

In a CO2 molecule there is 1 carbon atom and 2 oxygen


atoms

The atomic masses of C and O are 12u and 16u respectively

Therefore, molecular mass of CO2 = 12×1 + 16×2 = 44u


Formula Unit Mass
 Formula unit mass is also the sum of the atomic
masses of all the atoms.
 Calculate the formula unit mass of Ca(OH)2

Formula unit mass = 40 + 16×2 + 1×2 = 74u


Mole Concept
 One mole of atoms, molecules, ions is that number
which has a mass equal to the atomic mass or
molecular mass in grams.
 For example, one mole of oxygen atoms will have mass
16g because 1 oxygen atom has mass 16u.
 Similarly, one mole of oxygen molecules has mass 32g
because 1 O2 molecule has mass 32u.

 The number of atoms or molecules in one mole is fixed


and is equal to 6.022×1023.
Example
 Find the number of atoms in 32g of Ca.

Given: Ca has an atomic mass 40u.


 1mole of Ca atom has mass 40g

 0.8mole of Ca atoms has mass 32g

 Number of atoms = 0.8 × 6.022×1023 =


4.8176×1023
Example
 How many atoms of Al are present in 54g
Aluminium?

Answer: 12.044*1023 atoms


Example
 How many molecules of CaCO3 are present in 70g of
calcium carbonate?
 Also, determine the no. of oxygen atoms in this sample.

Answer:

CaCO3 molecules = 4.2154 * 1023

Oxygen atoms = 12.63 * 1023


Example
 How many (i) Aluminium atoms (ii) oxygen
atoms are present in 153g sample of
aluminium oxide (Al2O3)?

Answer:

Al atoms = 18.066 * 1023

O Atoms = 27.099 * 1023


Example
 The no. of atoms in 0.1mole of a triatomic gas is?

Hint: step 1: find no. of molecules in 0.1 mole

Triatomic gas  3 atoms/molecule

No. of molecules = 6.022*1023  1mole

0.1mole  6.022*1022 molecules

No. of atoms = 6.022*1022 * 3 = 18.066*1022


Example
 How many grams of H2SO4 are present in
0.25mole of H2SO4?

Molecular mass = 2+32+64 = 98

Mass = 0.25*98

= 24.5gram
Example
 Which of the following has highest no. of
molecules?

(a) 8g of CH4

(b)4.4g of CO2

(c) 34.2g of C12H22O11

(d)2g of H2
Example contd.
 Answer: D
Example
 Which of the following has highest no. of atoms?

(a) 8g of CH4

(b)4.4g of CO2

(c) 34.2g of C12H22O11

(d)2g of H2
Example contd.
 Answer: C
Example
 Calculate the mass of 3.011*1024 molecules of
N2 gas.
Example
 Calculate the no. of aluminium ions present in
0.051gram of aluminium oxide (Al2O3).

A.M. Al = 27 and O = 16

Step 1: no. of mole

Step 2: no. of molecules

Step 3: 2 aluminium per molecule

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