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Lecture 2.3.2 (Interrupts)

The document discusses the concept of interrupts in computer organization and architecture, explaining how they improve CPU efficiency by allowing the CPU to respond to signals from hardware or software instead of continuously polling for them. It categorizes interrupts into hardware and software types, detailing their subtypes and handling processes. Additionally, it highlights the advantages of using interrupts, such as increased efficiency, responsiveness, modularity, and power savings.

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23 views

Lecture 2.3.2 (Interrupts)

The document discusses the concept of interrupts in computer organization and architecture, explaining how they improve CPU efficiency by allowing the CPU to respond to signals from hardware or software instead of continuously polling for them. It categorizes interrupts into hardware and software types, detailing their subtypes and handling processes. Additionally, it highlights the advantages of using interrupts, such as increased efficiency, responsiveness, modularity, and power savings.

Uploaded by

aashishmahajan300
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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University Institute of Engineering

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

COMPUTER ORGANIZATION & ARCHITECTURE


(23CST-204/23ITT-204)

ER. SHIKHA ATWAL


E11186

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

BE-CSE
INTERRUPTS

Before interrupts, the CPU had to wait for the signal to process by continuously
checking for related hardware and software components (a method used earlier,
referred to as "polling"). This method expends CPU cycles waiting, reducing our
efficiency. The effective usage time of the CPU is reduced, reducing response
time, and there's also increased power consumption.

The solution proposed to the above problem was the use of interrupts. In this
method, instead of constantly checking for a signal, the CPU receives a signal
from the hardware or software components. The process of sending the signal by
hardware or software components is referred to as sending interrupts or
interrupting the system.
INTERRUPTS

The interrupts divert the CPU's attention to the signal request from the running
process. Once the interrupt signal is handled, the control is transferred back to the
previous process to continue from the exact position where it had left off.

Types of Interrupts

The interrupts are of two types:

1. Hardware interrupt
2. Software interrupt
1. Hardware Interrupt: Interrupts generated by the hardware are referred to as
hardware interrupts. The failure of hardware components and the completion of
I/O can trigger hardware interrupts.

The two subtypes under it are:

 Internal Interrupts: These interrupts occur when there is an error due to


some instruction. For example, overflows (register overflow), incorrect
instructions code, etc. These types of interrupts are commonly referred to as
traps.
 External Interrupts: These interrupts are the ones issued by
hardware components. For example, when the I/O process is completed data
transfer, an infinite loop in the given code, power failure, etc.
2. Software Interrupt: As the name suggests, these interrupts are caused by
software, mostly in user mode. When a software interrupt occurs, the control is
handed over to an interrupt handler (a part of the Operating System).
Termination of programs or requests of certain services like the output to
screen or using the printer can trigger it. These interrupts also have higher
priority than hardware interrupts.

There are two types of software interrupts:

 Normal Interrupts: These interrupts are caused by software instructions


and are made intentionally.
 Exception Interrupts: These interrupts are unplanned that occur
during the execution of the program. An example of this is the divide by
zero exception.
Handling of Interrupts by CPU

Let's assume there is a program composed of many instructions where we are


processing the instructions one by one. Eventually, we have reached a certain
instruction, and an interrupt occurs. Interrupts can occur for various reasons, for
example, if you have a program that does the 'X' thing when the user presses the
'A' key on the keyboard. If we press the key 'A', the normal flow of the program
has to be interrupted to process this new signal and do the 'X' thing. Later, we
return to executing the instructions from where we left off before the
previous process's interruption.

After the interrupt has occurred, the CPU needs to pass the control from the
current process to service the interrupts instead of moving to the next
instruction in the current process. Before transferring the control over to the
interrupt generated program, we need to store the state of the currently running
process.
The summary of the process followed during an interrupt is as below:

1. While executing some instructions of a process, an interrupt is issued.

2. Execution of the current instruction is completed, and the system responds to


the interrupt.

3. The system sends an acknowledgement for the interrupt, and the interrupt
signal from the source stops on receiving the acknowledgement.

4. The process's state of the current task is stored (register values, address of the
next instruction to be processed when the control comes back to the process
(Program counter in PC register), etc.), i.e., moved to the stack.
5. The processor now handles the interrupt and executes the interrupt generated
program.

6. After handling the interrupt, the control is sent back to the point in the
original process using the state information of the process that we saved earlier.
Interrupt Triggering Methods

Each interrupts signal input is designed to be triggered by either a logic


signal level or a particular signal edge (level transition).

Level-sensitive inputs continuously request processor service so long as a


particular (high or low) logic level is applied to the input.

Edge-sensitive inputs react to signal edges, a particular (rising or falling) edge


will cause a service request to be latched. The processor resets the latch when
the interrupt handler executes.
 Level-triggered: A level-triggered interrupt is requested by holding the
interrupt signal at its particular (high or low) active logic level. A device
invokes a level-triggered interrupt by driving the signal to and holding it at the
active level. It negates the signal when the processor commands it, typically
after the device has been serviced.

The processor samples the interrupt input signal during each instruction
cycle. The processor will recognize the interrupt request if the signal is
asserted when sampling occurs.
Level-triggered inputs allow multiple devices to share a common interrupt
signal via wired-OR connections. The processor polls to determine which
devices are requesting service. After servicing a device, the processor may
again poll and, if necessary, service other devices before exiting the ISR.
 Edge-triggered: An edge-triggered interrupt is an interrupt signaled by a
level transition on the interrupt line, either a falling edge (high to low) or a
rising edge (low to high). A device wishing to signal an interrupt drives a pulse
onto the line and releases it to its inactive state. If the pulse is too short to be
detected by polled I/O, then special hardware may be required to detect it.
Advantages of Interrupts

Interrupts offer several advantages in system design:


 Efficiency: By using interrupts, the CPU can perform other tasks instead of
constantly polling for events. This increases overall system efficiency and
allows for better utilization of processing resources.
 Responsiveness: Interrupts enable the system to respond quickly to external
events. This is particularly important in real-time applications where delays can
lead to system failures or degraded performance.
 Modularity: Interrupts support modular design by allowing different parts of a
system to handle specific events independently. This separation of
concerns can simplify development and maintenance.
 Power Saving: In low-power systems, interrupts can help conserve energy by
allowing the CPU to enter low-power modes when idle and wake up only
when an interrupt occurs, reducing overall power consumption.
References

Reference Books:
 J.P. Hayes, “Computer Architecture and Organization”, Third Edition.
 Mano, M., “Computer System Architecture”, Third Edition, Prentice Hall.
 Stallings, W., “Computer Organization and Architecture”, Eighth
Edition, Pearson Education.

Text Books:
 Carpinelli J.D,” Computer systems organization &Architecture”, Fourth
Edition, Addison Wesley.
 Patterson and Hennessy, “Computer Architecture”, Fifth Edition Morgaon
Kauffman.
Other References

 http://www.ecs.csun.edu/~cputnam/Comp546/Input-Output-Web.pdf
 http://www.ioenotes.edu.np/media/notes/computer-organization-and-archite
cture- coa/Chapter7-Input-Output-Organization.pdf
 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/io-interface-interrupt-dma-mode/
 I/O Interface (Interrupt and DMA Mode) – GeeksforGeeks

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