Chapter 1

Introduction to Network analysis

and Synthesis

By. Yosef B. (MSc.)

By Mr. Yosef B. (MSc.)

 1.1 Signal analysis
• For electric networks, excitation and response are
given in terms of voltages and currents.
• These signals are a function of time and frequency.
• We use transforms (Fourier and Laplace) to
transform from time domain to frequency domain
and vice versa.

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 1.2 Network Analysis
• Characterization of the excitation and
response is only half of the problem.
• The other half is describing the network.

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 Basic definitions
Linear system
• A network is linear if and only if

• i.e. if it satisfies the principle of super position and

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 Basic Terminologies
Passive
• A linear network is passive if
a) The energy delivered is non negative for any excitation.
b) No voltages or currents appear between any two terminals
before excitation is applied.
Reciprocal
A network is said to be reciprocal if when the point of
excitation and response are interchanged, the
relation between excitation and response remains
the same.

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 Ideal models
• The following ideal models are useful in
signal processing
Amplifier
r (t ) ke(t )
Differentiator d
r (t )  e(t )
dt
Integrator
r (t ) e(t )dt
Time Delay
r (t ) e(t  T )
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 Ideal elements
• The elements encountered most are resistor,
capacitor and inductor.
• When the currents and voltages are given as a
function of time
v(t ) Ri (t ) Resistor
di(t )
v(t ) L Inductor
dt
t
1
v(t )  i ( x)dx  v(0) Capacitor
C0
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• In frequency domain, using Laplace transform

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• The end points of elements are called
terminals.
• A port is defined as any pair of two terminals
into which energy is supplied, drawn or
variables measured.

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 1.3 Network Synthesis
• In network synthesis, we are given the
excitation and response and we are required
to synthesize the network from the system
function.
R( s)
H (s) 
E (s)

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 Driving point synthesis
• Deriving point immittance: the excitation and
response are taken from the same port.

• A driving point impedance is thus given as

V (s)
Z (s) 
I (s)

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 Two Port Network
• Transfer function: excitation and response are
taken from different ports.

• The transfer function can take different forms.

V (s)
Z 21 ( s )  2
I1 ( s )
V2 ( s )
H (s) 
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 Filter Design
• One of the most important aspect of transfer
function synthesis.
• A filter is defined as a network that passes a
certain portion of a frequency and blocks the
remainder of the spectrum.

Ideal Low pass filter

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• Two aspects of filter design
1. Obtaining a suitable and realizable
transmittance H(s) given the specification.
2. Realizing the transmittance H(S).

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 Exploring Network Theorems
• Some special techniques, known as network
theorems and network reduction methods,
have been developed.
• These drastically reduce the labour needed to
solve a network.
• These also provide simple conclusions and
good insight into the problems.

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 Superposition Theorem
• The response (current or voltage) in a linear
network at any point due to multiple sources
(current and/or emf) (including linear dependent
sources),
• Can be calculated by summing the effects of each
source considered separately,
• All other sources “turned OFF” or “made
inoperative”.

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“Turning off” the sources

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“Turning off” the sources

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 Step by Step Procedure to solve
Superposition Theorem
1. Identify the element in which the current or voltage is to be
found and mark it as a load resistor (RL).
2. Select any one source and replace the other sources by a
short circuit or open circuit or leaving behind its internal
resistance.
3. Calculate the current or voltage across R L due to the one
source.
4. Repeat step 2 and 3 for all other sources and find the current
or voltage across RL caused by the individual sources acting
alone.
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Superposition Theorem DC Circuits Solved Example

Consider the given circuit and find the current through

2Ω resistor using superposition theorem.

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Superposition Theorem DC Circuits Solved Example

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 Thevenin’s Theorem
• It was first proposed by a French telegraph
engineer, M.L. Thevenin in 1883.
• There also exists an earlier statement of the
theorem credited to Helmholtz.
• Hence it is also known as Helmholtz-Thevenin
Theorem.
• It is useful when we wish to find the response
only in a single resistance in a big network.

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 Thevenin’s Theorem
• Any two terminals AB of a network
composed of linear passive and active
elements may by replaced by a simple
equivalent circuit consisting of
1. an equivalent voltage source Voc, and
2. an equivalent resistance Rth in series.

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 Thevenin’s Theorem
• The voltage Voc is equal to the potential
difference between the two terminals AB caused
by the active network with no external
resistance connected to these terminals.

• The series resistance Rth is the equivalent

resistance looking back into the network at the
terminals AB with all the sources within the
network made inactive, or dead.

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 Thevenin’s Theorem for
dependent sources
Case-I : When circuit contain both dependent
and independent sources.
(i)The open circuit voltage is determined as
usual with the sources activated or alive.
(ii)A sort circuited is applied across the terminal
ab and the value of sort circuit current i sc is
found as usual.
(iii)Now the Thevenin's resistance Rth = Voc/isc

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 Thevenin’s Theorem for
dependent sources
Case-II : When circuit contain only dependent
sources.
(i)In this case, Voc = 0.
(ii)We connect 1A source to terminal ab and
calculate the value of Vab.
(iii)Now the thevenin’s resistance Rth = Vab/1

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 Norton’s Theorem
• It is dual of Thevenin’s Theorem.
• A two terminal network containing linear
passive and active elements can be replaced
by an equivalent circuit of a constant-
current source in parallel with a resistance.

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 Norton’s Theorem
• The value of the constant-current source is
the short-circuit current developed when
the terminals of the original network are
short circuited.

• The parallel resistance is the resistance

looking back into the original network with
all the sources within the network made
inactive (as in Thevenin’s Theorem).
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Norton’s Theorem for dependent
sources
Case-I : When circuit contain both dependent
and independent sources.
(i)The open circuit voltage is determined as
usual with the sources activated or alive.
(ii)A sort circuited is applied across the terminal
ab and the value of sort circuit current i sc is
found as usual.
(iii)Now the Norton’s resistance RN = Voc/isc

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Norton’s Theorem for dependent
sources
Case-II : When circuit contain only dependent
sources.
(i)In this case, ISC = 0.
(ii)We connect 1A source to terminal ab and
calculate the value of Vab.
(iii)Now the thevenin’s resistance RN = Vab/1

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 Reciprocity Theorem
• In a linear bilateral network, if a voltage
source V in a branch A produces a current I in
any other branch B, then the same voltage
source V acting in the branch B would produce
the same current I in branch.
• The ratio V/I is known as the transfer
resistance.

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End!

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