Lecture 4: OOPS Concept

Mr. Tarus
 Outline
 Basic Object Oriented Concepts in Java.

 Types of variables/attributes/fields in a class.

 Ways to initialize an object.

 Case program example to demonstrate more than one program executing

as one program.
 Access Modifiers
 3. Basic Object Oriented Concepts in Java

Outline

1. Classes

2. Objects
 class
Template / blueprint that describes the data and behavior associated with the class
instantiation.
logical template to create the objects that share common properties and methods.
group of objects which have common properties.
It is a logical entity.

Think of the class as a sketch (prototype) of a house. It contains all the details
about the floors, doors, windows, etc. Based on these descriptions we build the
house. House is the object.

Since many houses can be made from the same description, we can create many
objects from a class.
A class in Java can contain:
 Fields
 Methods
 Constructors
 Blocks
 Nested class and interface

Syntax:

class <class_name>{
field;
method;
}
//java class example void sleeping() {
public class Dog1 { System.out.println("Dog is Sleeping\
String breed; n");
int age; }
String color; public static void main(String[] args)
void barking() { {
System.out.println("Dog is barking\n"); Dog1 d = new Dog1();
} d.barking();
void hungry() { d.sleeping();
System.out.println("Dog is Hungry\n"); d.hungry();
} }
}
Dog1.java
 Types of variables/attributes/fields in a class
 Local variables:
Variables defined inside methods, constructors or blocks.
Declared and initialized within the method and the variable will be destroyed
when the method has completed.
 Instance variables:
Variables within a class but outside any method.
Initialized when the class is instantiated.
Can be accessed from inside any method, constructor or blocks of that particular
class.
 Class variables / static variables:
Variables declared within a class, outside any method, with the static keyword.
Variable can be shared by all class instances

 EmployeeTest.java
//Types of variables in java
class VariableType {
static int m=100; //static variable
void method()
{
int n=90; //local variable
System.out.println("Local variable = " +n);
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
VariableType vt = new VariableType();
vt.method();
int data=50; //instance variable
System.out.println("inatance variable = " +data);
}
 object
 Run time entity in oop.
 An object is a real-world entity.
 The object is an entity which has state and behavior.
 The object is an instance of a class.
 new keyword is used to create new objects.
 Characteristics:
 State: represents the data (value) of an object.
 Behavior: represents the behavior (functionality) of an object such as deposit,
withdraw, etc.
 Identity: An object identity is typically implemented via a unique ID. The value
of the ID is not visible to the external user. However, it is used internally by the
JVM to identify each object uniquely.
 Three steps when creating an object from a class.
Declaration:

− An object declaration using the class name and valid variable name.
Instantiation:

− The 'new' keyword is used to create the object.

Initialization:

− The 'new' keyword is followed by a call to a constructor. This call

initializes the new object.
Pto…
//Java Program to demonstrate having the main method in another class
//Creating Student class.
class Student{
int id;
String name;
}
//Creating another class TestStudent1 which contains the main method
class TestStudent1{
public static void main(String args[]){
Student s1=new Student();
System.out.println(s1.id);
System.out.println(s1.name);
}
 Ways to initialize an object

NB: Initializing an object means storing data into the object.

1. By reference variable

2. By method

3. By constructor
 Initialization through reference variable. StudentRef1.java
class Student5{
public int rollno;
String name;
}
public class StudentRef1{
public static void main(String args[]){
Student5 s1 = new Student5();
s1.rollno = 101;
s1.name = "last Boy";
System.out.println(s1.rollno+" " +s1.name);
}
}
//object creating and passing values (By Method). Puppy.java
public class Puppy {
public Pupp4(String name, int age, String color) {
System.out.println("Puppy Name is :" + name );
System.out.println("Puppy age is :" + age );
System.out.println("Puppy colour is :" + color );
}

public static void main(String []args) {

// create an object myPuppy
Puppy myPuppy = new Puppy( "tommy",23, "Black");
//myPuppy.Pupp4("tommy",23, "Black“);
}
 Example Animalia.java
 Create a 3 programs that run (being managed by one main method).
 Classes:
Animalia (main class)
Frog
Lizard
Tortoise
 Access Modifiers
 Helps to restrict the scope of a class, constructor, variable, method, or data
member.
 It provides security, accessibility, etc. to the user depending upon the access
modifier used with the element.
 Types of Access Modifiers
 There are 4 types of access modifiers available in Java:
Default – No keyword required
Private
Protected
Public
 Default Access Modifier, DriverDefault.Java

 When no access modifier is specified for a class, method, or data member, it is

said to be having the default access modifier by default.
 The default access modifiers are accessible only within the same package.
 Private Access Modifier
 Specified using the keyword private.

 The methods or data members declared as private are accessible only within the
class in which they are declared.
 Any other class of the same package will not be able to access these members.

 Top-level classes or interfaces can not be declared as private because,

 private means “only visible within the enclosing class“.
 protected means “only visible within the enclosing class and any
subclasses“.
 Protected Access Modifier
 Specified using the keyword protected.

 The methods or data members declared as protected are accessible within the
same package or subclasses in different packages.
 Public Access Modifier
• Nb: Default package and test package

• The public access modifier is specified using the keyword public.

• The public access modifier has the widest scope among all other access
modifiers.
• Classes, methods, or data members that are declared as public are accessible
from everywhere in the program. There is no restriction on the scope of public
data members.