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Chapter2_part1

The document discusses relay operating principles in power system protection, focusing on how relays detect faults through changes in electrical quantities such as current and voltage. It covers various detection methods, including level detection, magnitude comparison, differential comparison, and phase angle comparison, as well as the construction and design of different types of relays. Additionally, it addresses the importance of frequency sensing and harmonic content in relay operation.

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mohamed elboray
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
9 views

Chapter2_part1

The document discusses relay operating principles in power system protection, focusing on how relays detect faults through changes in electrical quantities such as current and voltage. It covers various detection methods, including level detection, magnitude comparison, differential comparison, and phase angle comparison, as well as the construction and design of different types of relays. Additionally, it addresses the importance of frequency sensing and harmonic content in relay operation.

Uploaded by

mohamed elboray
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 63

Power System Protection

Dr. Ibrahim El-Amin


Chapter 2

RELAY OPERATING
PRINCIPLES
2.1 RELAY INPUTS

 Voltage,Current at terminals of Apparatus.


 Contact states: open or closes

 The challenge is how to differentiate


between normal and abnormal conditions.

 What is the definition of normal and


abnormal?
2.2 DETECTION OF FAULTS

As a result of faults:
 Current Magnitude increases.
 Voltage Magnitude decreases
 Changes in phase angles of current,
 Harmonic components of Voltage & Currents
 Changes in active and/or reactive power
 Changes in frequency.
 Detection of changes in these quantities and whether
inside assigned zones
1. LEVEL DETECTION

– Fault current are always greater than normal


current
– Any current above a chosen value indicates
abnormality.
– The level above which a relay works is called
the PICKUP SETTING.
– The Relay may trip a breaker, sound an alarm.
– Relay can also operate for a chosen value which
is smaller i.e voltage, frequency.
Relay Operating Characteristics

 Itis a plot of operating time versus relay


current.
 Current is normalized as a ratio of actual
current to pickup or setting.
 Operating time is infinite for a ratio of less
than 1.0.
Relay Operating Characteristics
2. Magnitude Comparison

 The operating principle is based upon the


comparison of the magnitude of operating
quantities .
 A current balance relay may compare the
current in two circuits .
 It initiates operation if there is a difference in
ratio or magnitude from a set value.
Magnitude Comparison

 Magnitude Comparison
IIAI > IIBI
+ small margin

 If B is not open , the A


is faulty.

 Both lines must be


identical
3. Differential Comparison
 For healthy winding
I1 & I2 equal
 Use Magnitude Comparison
& level detection (I1-I2)
relays.
 For faulty zone currents not
equal
 Used for generates,
transformers, motors
Busbars Reactors.
 It requires current from both
zone ends.
4. Phase Angle comparison
 Relative Phase angle between two
quantities
 Healthy Direction power flow the relative
angle between V & I is approximately ±30
 Reverse power flow = angle between V&I
(180±30)
 For faults phase angle of current w.r.t
voltage for forward/reverse will be –Φ or
(180-Φ) where Φ = impedance angle
 Φ is close to 90.
4. Phase Angle comparison
5. Distance Measurements

 Differential protection is not suitable for long


transmission lines
 Distance protection compares local voltage
with local current.
 It is in effect an impedance measurement.
 Length of line( its distance) for a given
conductor determines the impedance.
6. Pilot Relaying

 It depends on information from remote ends.

 It involves mostly contact status

 Transmitted via communication channels


7. Harmonic Content

V & I are usually sinusoidal.


 There are some deviations due to load
nature or sometimes sources.

 Harmonic contents may be detected by filters


for abnormal conditions e.g. odd harmonics
transformer saturation.
8. Frequency Sensing

– Frequency measurements is
essential

– Measurements through filters by


counting zero crossing

– Special sampling/digital computers


Relays respond to physical quantities

 Temperature

 Pressure

 Fluid level
Relay Construction & Design

 Electromechanical elements

 Solid State Elements

 Digital elements microprocessors


Relay Design : Fuses

Level detection
– It senses & interrupts.
– Melts fusible element due to current flow.

- Melting time inversely proportional to


current
- Interrupts current up to their max. Short
circuit rating
2.3 Relay Design : Fuses

 Disadvantages:

1. Fuses have to be replaced


2. Service delay
3. Replacement in stock
4. Maintenance personnel.
5. A 1-phase fuse blow could result in
motors operating on 2-phase i.e. excessive
heating & vibrations.
2.4 Electromechanical Relays

 Electromechanical Relays : actuating force is


resultant from interaction between currents
and flux :
a. Plunger type : Single actuating quantity

b. Induction type: Single/multiple inputs


s

Plunger type

 When coil is not energized the plunger is held


by spring force.  s

1
When energized, the energy stored is L i
2

2


L= 0
d 2
N 2

4x  gd / 4a 
 a = height of pole piece
Plunger type

K : Constant
 I : rms current of ac quantity

d 1 K I2
 m  w i, x 
dx x  gd / 4a 2
Plunger type

2
 The force is proportional to
I
Plunger type

 Plunger moves when

m s
Plunger type

 Thecurrent at which the mechanical force is


equal to the spring force is called the Pickup
value .
Plunger type

 The pickup current is


given as:

I p {  s / k}( x0  gd / 4a )
Plunger type

 Plunger travels xo x1 before it stops.

 Current must drop below Dropout Current for


plunger to return

 Drop out current is always < pick-up current.


Plunger type

 Drop out current is always < pick-up current.

I d {  s / K }( x1  gd / 4a )
Plunger type

 EX 2.1
Plunger type

 Relay characteristics are


expressed as multiples of
pickup values
 Most relays have several
taps for pickup
e.g. 1.0, 2.0 etc

 Relays can operate on


both AC and DC
systems.
Induction Type Relay

 Based on induction or interaction of two currents


(fluxes):

 – a) Induction Disc relay


 – b) Moving cup induction relay

 Single phase concepts

 Iron is stationary
Induction Type Relay

 Two source of alternating fluxes are required.

 Two fluxes must have a phase difference.

 Shed poles may be used

 Permanent magnets may be used.


Induction Type Relay

i1 (t ) I m1 cos( wt )

i2 (t ) I m 2 cos( wt   )

1 Lm I m1 cos( wt )

2 Lm I m 2 cos( wt   )
Induction Type Relay

 Each of the fluxes


induces a voltage in
rotor 1 d1 wLm I m1
ir1   sin(wt )
Rr dt Rr

 Rotor current flows


1 d2 wLm I m 2
ir 2   sin(wt   )
Rr dt Rr
Induction Type Relay

 Each current interacts


with flux to produce
force
 The Two forces are in
opposite directions

 The net force or torque

 [1ir 2  2ir1]
Induction Type Relay

 The net force is


 KI I {coswt sin(wt   )  cos(wt   )sinwt }
m1 m2

 KI I sin 
m1 m2
Induction Type Relay

 Force from coil with leading current

 The net torque is constant

 If the phase angle is zero , no torque

 Itcan work as a level detector, directional


relay, etc.
Induction Type Relay
 Level Detector: Phase
shift between original
current and another
coil current.

 Place a parallel shunt


with one of the coils.

 A torque is produced
which is function of the
currents in both coils.
Induction Type Relay Fig 2.11
Induction Type Relay

 Current in first coil is I

 Current in second coil


is proportional to I.

 The torque can be :

 K I
1
2
Induction Type Relay

A spring keeps the disc from rotating


 When the torque produced exceeds the
spring force, disc rotates
 It rotates a certain angle to close its contacts.
 The value of the current at which this
happens is called the pickup value or setting.
Induction Type Relay

 Example 2.2
Induction Type Relay

 Relay can be energized from voltage sources


 It can act as an under-voltage or overvoltage
relay.
 Also one coil can be energized from current
while the other from voltage source.
Response to the product
 Current lags voltage by an angle
Induction Type Relay

 The general torque equation is

  m   s K1 I  K 2 V  K 3 IV sin     s
2 2
Induction Type Relay

 Example 2.3
Induction Type Relay

 Assume at the point of


operation

0
 s
0
Induction Type Relay

 SetK3 = 0
 Replace K2= - K2

V K1
Z  
I K2
Induction Type Relay

 The locus of this is a circle in an X-R plane.

 It is called the Impedance relay.

 Torque greater than pickup value, ratio of


voltage to current lies inside circle
Induction Type Relay

 By adding a current carrying coil proportional


to the voltage, the torque
  K I 2  K V  K I 2
1 2 4

K1
Z  K4 
K2
 Center offset by constant.
Induction Type Relay

 Set K1 K 2  s 0

k3VI sin    0

Z sin    0
 This is an equation of a Straight line in X-R
plane .

 Line passes through origin with an angle


Induction Type Relay

 This is called a Directional Relay.


Induction Type Relay

 Assume K1  s 0

Reverse sign of VI term

0 K 2 V 2  K 3 VI Sin   

K
Z  3 Sin   
K2
Induction Type Relay


 equation of circle
passing this origin,
diameter
 Diameter making an
angle with R-plane

Admittance relay

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