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Presentation (2) - WPS Office CT

The document discusses the effects of chloride and sulfate attacks on concrete, detailing their mechanisms and consequences. Chloride attack leads to corrosion of steel reinforcement due to chloride ion penetration, while sulfate attack involves the reaction of sulfate ions with cement components, causing expansion and cracking. Prevention strategies include material selection, mix design, construction practices, environmental protection, and regular maintenance.

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15 views10 pages

Presentation (2) - WPS Office CT

The document discusses the effects of chloride and sulfate attacks on concrete, detailing their mechanisms and consequences. Chloride attack leads to corrosion of steel reinforcement due to chloride ion penetration, while sulfate attack involves the reaction of sulfate ions with cement components, causing expansion and cracking. Prevention strategies include material selection, mix design, construction practices, environmental protection, and regular maintenance.

Uploaded by

rajeshs81199
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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C Byregowda institute of technology

Kolar

• Name -Rajesh aradhya.s


• USN -1CK22CV011
• Semister -5th sem
• Department -civil Submitted to
Prof. Arun Kumar
SULPHATE ATTACK AND
CHLORIDE ATTACK ON
CONCRETE
**Chloride attack on concrete** is one of the most
common forms of chemical deterioration that affects the
durability of reinforced concrete structures. It primarily
occurs when chloride ions (Cl⁻), often from de-icing salts,
seawater, or industrial chemicals, penetrate the concrete
and reach the embedded steel reinforcement. This attack
leads to **corrosion of the steel reinforcement**,
ultimately weakening the structure.
Mechanism of Chloride Attack
1. Chloride Penetration:
- Chlorides penetrate the concrete through pores, cracks, or diffusion.
- Sources include seawater exposure, de-icing salts, or contaminated
water.
2. Passive Layer Breakdown:
- Steel in concrete is usually protected by a thin passive oxide layer due
to the high alkalinity (pH ~12-13) of concrete.
- Chloride ions disrupt this passive layer, exposing the steel to oxygen
and moisture.
3. Corrosion Initiation:
- Once the passive layer is compromised, the steel reinforcement
starts corroding.
- Corrosion forms rust, which has a larger volume than steel, causing
internal stresses in the concrete.
4. Expansion and Cracking:
- Rust formation leads to cracking, spalling, and delamination of the
concrete cover.
- This accelerates further chloride ingress, creating a vicious cycle.
Effects of Chloride Attack
- Reduction in structural strength and service life.
- Cracks and spalling in concrete.
- Increased maintenance costs and potential for
structural failure.
SULPHATE ATTACK
Sulphate attack on concrete is a chemical
deterioration process caused by the interaction of
sulfate ions (SO₄²⁻) with the components of hardened
cement paste. It can significantly weaken concrete
over time, compromising its structural integrity.
Sulfate attack is a critical concern in structures
exposed to sulfate-rich environments such as soil,
groundwater, industrial effluents, or seawater.
Mechanism of Sulfate Attack
1. Sulfate Penetration:
- Sulfates enter the concrete through pores or cracks.
2. Chemical Reaction:
- Sulfates react with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂), calcium
aluminate hydrate (C₃A), and other compounds in the cement
paste.
- Formation of expansive products such as:
- Gypsum (CaSO₄·2H₂O)
- Ettringite (C₆A₃H₃₂S₃)
3. Expansion and Stress:
- The formation of these products causes volume expansion,
leading to internal stress.
4. Cracking and Deterioration:
- Stress results in cracking, spalling, and disintegration of
concrete.
Effects of Sulfate Attack
- Expansion and cracking of concrete.
- Loss of strength and stiffness.
- Surface scaling and disintegration.
- Reduced durability and service life.
Prevention and Mitigation
1. Material Selection:
- Use sulfate-resistant cement (e.g., Type V cement).
- Include supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) like fly ash,
silica fume, or slag to reduce permeability.
2. Mix Design:
- Reduce the water-to-cement ratio to lower porosity.
- Use well-graded and non-reactive aggregates.
3. Construction Practices:
- Ensure proper curing to reduce permeability.
- Minimize cracks through adequate reinforcement and joint design.
4. Environmental Protection:
- Apply protective coatings or sealers to exposed surfaces.
- Use impermeable membranes in sulfate-rich soils.
5. Maintenance:
- Regular inspections to identify early signs of sulfate attack.
- Repair cracks and damaged areas promptly.

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