3110003

PROGRAMMING FOR PROBLEM SOLVING

UNIT-5

Functions
1
Created by Trushita Patel
Topics to be covered:
• Concepts function • Parameter
• Standard library passing
function
• Calling a
• User defined functions
function
• Prototypes
• Recursive
• Definition of function
• Parameters function
• Macros
• Pre-
Created by Trushita Patel
processing 2
Concepts of Function
• ” A function is a group of statements that together perform a
task.”
• Every C program has at least one function, which is main(),
• you can divide up your code into separate functions.
⮚ Why we need functions in C?
• To improve the readability of code.
• Improves the reusability of the code, same function can be used in
any program rather than writing the same code from scratch.
• Debugging of the code would be easier if you use functions, as errors
are easy to be traced.
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• Reduces the size of the code, duplicate set of statements are replaced
Types of functions
• There are two types of function in C programming:
1) Pre-defined standard library functions
2) User-defined functions

1) Predefined standard library functions:

• The standard library functions are built-in functions in C
programming such as puts(), gets(), printf(), scanf() etc
• These are the functions which already have a definition in
header files (.h files like stdio.h), so we just call them whenever
there is a need to use them.

2) User Defined functions :

• The functions that we create in a program are known as user
defined functions.
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C Standard library functions
• The prototype and data definitions of these functions are present in their
respective header files.
• To use these functions we need to include the header file in our program.
• For example, if you want to use the printf() the header file <stdio.h>
should be included.

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("Catch me if you can.");
}
⮚ Advantages
• use library functions is simply
• The functions are optimized for performance
• It saves considerable development time
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• The functions are portable 5
Program
• To compute the square root of a number, you can use the sqrt() library
function. The function is defined in the math.h header file.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
void main()
{
float num, root;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%f", &num);
root = sqrt(num);
printf("Square root of %.2f = %.2f", num, root);

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Library Functions in Different
Header Files
C Header Files
<assert.h> Program assertion functions
<ctype.h> Character type functions
<locale.h> Localization functions
<math.h> Mathematics functions
<setjmp.h> Jump functions
<stdarg.h> Variable arguments handling functions
<stdio.h> Standard Input/Output functions
<stdlib.h> Standard Utility functions
<string.h> String handling functions
<time.h> Date time functions

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User-defined function
• You can also create functions as per your need. Such functions created
by the user are known as user-defined functions.

⮚ How user-defined function works?

#include <stdio.h>
void functionName()
{
return a+b;

}
void main()
{
... .. ...
functionName(2,3);
... .. ...
Created by Trushita Patel
} 8
User-defined function
⮚ Advantages of user-defined function
• The program will be easier to understand, maintain and debug.
• Reusable codes that can be used in other programs
• A large program can be divided into smaller modules. Hence, a large
project can be divided among many programmers.

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Function Prototype
• There are three aspects of a C
function.
Prototype Syntax
Function declaration: A function must be
declared globally in a c program to tell the return_type function_name
compiler about the function name, function (argument list);
parameters, and return type.
Ex: int sum(int,int);
Function call: Function can be
function_name (argument_list);
called from anywhere in the
program. The parameter list must Ex: sum(21,14);
not differ in function calling and
function declaration. We must
pass the same number of
parameters as it is declared in
the function declaration.
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Function Prototype
Prototype Syntax
Function definition: It contains the return_type function_name (argument
actual statements which are to be list) {
executed. It is theFunction
most important aspect ………..
call Function can be called from
to which the control comes when
anywhere in thethe function
program. body; list must
The parameter
function is called. not
Here, we must
differ notice calling
in function ……….. and function
that only one value can be returned
declaration. We mustfrompass
} the same number of
the function. functions as it is declared in the function
declaration. Ex: int sum (int a,int b)
function_name (argument_list)
{
printf(“%d”, a+b);
}

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Function Prototype keyword
•Return Type − A function may return a value. The return_type is the data
type of the value the function returns. Some functions perform the desired
operations without returning a value. In this case, the return_type is the
keyword void.

•Function Name − This is the actual name of the function. The function
name and the parameter list together constitute the function signature.

•Parameters − A parameter is like a placeholder. When a function is

invoked, you pass a value to the parameter. This value is referred to as actual
parameter or argument. The parameter list refers to the type, order, and
number of the parameters of a function. Parameters are optional; that is, a
function may contain no parameters.

•Function Body − The function body contains a collection of statements that

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define what the function does.
Program
#include <stdio.h>

void introduction()
{
printf("Hi\n");
printf("My college name is gec patan\n");
printf("How are you?");
}

void main()
{
introduction();
}

Created by Trushita Patel 13

Program
#include <stdio.h>
int addition(int num1, int num2)
{
int sum;
sum = num1+num2;
return sum;
}
void main()
{
int var1, var2;
printf("Enter number 1: ");
scanf("%d",&var1);
printf("Enter number 2: ");
scanf("%d",&var2);
int ans = addition(var1, var2);
printf ("Output: %d", ans);
}
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Function Arguments/Parameters
• There are Two way to pass parameters
in function.
Syntax
Pass by Value: In the call by value
method the actual arguments are copied return_type function_name
to the formal arguments, hence any (argument list);
operation performed by function on
arguments doesn’t affect actual Ex: int sum(int,int);
parameters.
Call by reference method: Unlike
function_name (argument_list);
call by value, in this method, address
of actual arguments (or parameters) Ex: sum(21,23);
is passed to the formal parameters,
which means any operation
performed on formal parameters
affects the value of actual
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parameters.
Program for Pass by Value:
In C, parameters are always passed by value. Parameters are always passed
by value in C. For example. in the below code, value of x is not modified using
the function fun().
#include <stdio.h>
void fun(int x)
{
x = 30;
}

int main(void)
{
int x = 20;
fun(x);
printf("x = %d", x);
return 0;
} Created by Trushita Patel 16
Program for Pass by Reference:
In C, Parameters are always passed by reference in C. For example. in the
below code, value of x is modified using the function fun().
# include <stdio.h>
void fun(int *(2046))
{
*ptr = 30;
}

int main()
{
int x = 20;
fun(&x);
printf("x = %d", x);

return 0;
} Created by Trushita Patel 17
Different aspects of function
calling
• function without arguments and without return value 🡪 void f1( )
• function without arguments and with return value 🡪 int f1( )
• function with arguments and without return value 🡪 void f1(a)
• function with arguments and with return value 🡪 int f1(a)

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⮚ Example for Function without argument and return
value
#include<stdio.h>
void printName();
void main ()
{
printf("Hello ");
printName();
}
void printName()
{
printf(“cprogram");
}

Created by Trushita Patel 19

⮚ Example for Function without argument and with return value
#include<stdio.h>
int sum();
void main()
{
int result;
printf("\nGoing to calculate the sum of two numbers:");
result = sum();
printf("%d",result);
}
int sum()
{
int a,b;
printf("\nEnter two numbers");
scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);
return a+b;
}
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⮚ Example for Function with argument and without
return value
#include<stdio.h>
void sum(int, int);
void main()
{
int a,b,result;
printf("\nGoing to calculate the sum of two numbers:");
printf("\nEnter two numbers:");
scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);
sum(a,b);
}
void sum(int a, int b)
{
printf("\nThe sum is %d",a+b);
}
Created by Trushita Patel 21
⮚ Example for Function with argument and with return
value
#include<stdio.h>
int sum(int, int);
void main()
{
int a,b,result;
printf("\nGoing to calculate the sum of two numbers:");
printf("\nEnter two numbers:");
scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);
result = sum(a,b);
printf("\nThe sum is : %d",result);
}
int sum(int a, int b)
{
return a+b;
} Created by Trushita Patel 22
Calling a function,
• To use a function, you will have to call that function to perform the
defined task.
• When a program calls a function, the program control is transferred to the
called function.
• A called function performs a defined task and when its return statement is
executed or when its function-ending closing brace is reached,
• it returns the program control back to the main program.
• To call a function, you simply need to pass the required parameters along
with the function name,
• and if the function returns a value, then you can store the returned value.
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Calling a function,
#include <stdio.h> int main ()
int max(int num1, int {
num2)
{ int a = 100;
int result; int b = 200;
if (num1 > int ret;
num2)
{ /* calling a function to get max value */
result ret = max(a, b);
= num1;
} printf( "Max value is : %d\n", ret );
else
{ return 0;
result }
= num2;
{
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return result;
}
Recursive function
• Recursion is the process of repeating void recursion()
items in a self-similar way. {
recursion(); /* function calls
• In programming languages, if a itself */
program allows you to call a function }
int main()
inside the same function, then it is {
called a recursive call of the function. recursion();
}
• a function to call itself.
• But while using recursion,
programmers need to be careful to
define an exit condition from the
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function, otherwise it will go into an
infinite loop.
Program
#include <stdio.h>
int factorial (int i)
{
if(i <= 1)
{
return 1;
}
return i * factorial(i - 1);
}
void main()
{
int i = 12;
printf("Factorial of %d is %d\n", i,
factorial(i));

}
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Program for Fibonacci Series
#include <stdio.h> void main()
int fibonacci(int i) {
{ int i;
if(i == 0) for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{ {
return 0; printf("%d\t\n", fibonacci(i));
} }

if(i == 1) }
{
return 1;
}
return (fibonacci(i-1) +
fibonacci(i-2));
}

Created by Trushita Patel 27

Macros
• Macros in C are string replacements commonly used to define constants.
• Whenever you have to use value of pi in your code you can simply write PI
instead of writing lengthy value of pi again and again.
• Basically macros are one of the Preprocessor directives available in C.

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Predefined Macros
ANSI C defines a number of macros. Although each one is available for use
in programming, the predefined macros should not be directly modified.
Sr.No. Macro & Description
1 __DATE__
The current date as a character literal in "MMM DD YYYY" format.
2 __TIME__
The current time as a character literal in "HH:MM:SS" format.
3 __FILE__
This contains the current filename as a string literal.
4 __LINE__
This contains the current line number as a decimal constant.
5 __STDC__
Defined as 1 when the compiler complies with the ANSI standard.

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Program
#include <stdio.h>
int main() { OUTPUT:-
File :test.c
printf("File :%s\n", __FILE__ ); Date :Jun 2
printf("Date :%s\n", __DATE__ ); 2012
printf("Time :%s\n", __TIME__ ); Time :03:36:24
printf("Line :%d\n", __LINE__ ); Line :8
printf("ANSI :%d\n", __STDC__ ); ANSI :1

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 Pre-processing
• The C Preprocessor is not a part of the compiler, but is a separate step in
the compilation process.
• All preprocessor commands begin with a hash symbol (#).
• It must be the first nonblank character, and for readability, a preprocessor
directive should begin in the first column.
• Ex:-#define PI 3.14
#include <stdio.h>

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 Pre-processing
Sr.No. Directive & Description 7 #else
1 #define The alternative for #if.
Substitutes a preprocessor macro.
8 #elif
2 #include #else and #if in one statement.
Inserts a particular header from another
file. 9 #endif
Ends preprocessor conditional.
3 #undef
Undefines a preprocessor macro. 10 #error
Prints error message on stderr.
4 #ifdef
Returns true if this macro is defined. 11 #pragma
5 #ifndef Issues special commands to the
Returns true if this macro is not defined. compiler, using a standardized
method.
6 #if
Tests if a compile time condition is true.
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