Simpson’s rules

Simpson’s rules
Three rules
1)First rule OR 1/3rd rule
2)Second rule OR 3/8th rule
3)Third rule OR 5/8th rule
1)First rule OR 1/3rd rule
If we want to find the area of the following irregular region.
h h
5 ordinates
h h
Divide the given region into even no. of equal parts
We will get odd no. of ordinates.Let ordinates be y0,y1,y2,y3,y4
Let h be the length of equal parts
Area = h/3{ y0 + y4 + 4(y1+y3) + 2(y2) }
OR
Draw a table as below
ordinates Simpson1/3 Product
multiplier
y0 1 y0
y1 4 4y1
y2 2 2y2
y3 4 4y3
y4 1 y4
∑

h
Area  
3
, Definite integration represents area
b
Some time we write Area f x dx  h 
3
So how to find out    is illustrated as follows
b
a
f x dx
a
 4
Evaluate 1 using Simpson’s 1/3rd rule, by dividing

0
1 x 2
dx
the interval into 4 equal parts.
Soln Let f x   1 , a = 0, b = 4 and n = 4
1 x2 b a 4 0
h  1
n 4
x Ordinates=f(x) Simpson’s multiplier Products
a=0 1 = 1 1 1
a+h=1 1  o 2 1 = 0.5 4 2
a+2h=2 1  12 = 0.2 2 0.4
a+3h=3 = 0.1 4 0.4
a+4h=4 = 0.0588 1 0.0588
∑=3.8588

4
1
 2
dx  h
3
    
3 3.8588 1.2863
1

0
1 x
 1
Evaluate 1 using Simpson’s 1/3rd rule, by dividing
0
1 x 2
dx
the interval into 4 equal parts.
Soln Let f x 1 1x , a=0, b=1 and n=4
2

→ h = b  a = 1 0 = 0.25
n 4
x Ordinates=f(x) Simpson’s multiplier product
a=0 1 =1 1 1
1  02
a+h = 0.25 1 = 0.9412 4 3.7648
1  0.252
a+2h=0.5 = 0.8 2 1.6
a+3h=0.75 = 0.64 4 2.56
a+4h=1 = 0.5 1 0.5
∑=9.4248


0
1
1
1 x 2
dx  h
3
  = 0.25
3
9.4248 0.7854
Simpson’s multipliers

division Simpson’s multipliers

2 parts 1 4 1
4 parts 1 4 2 4 1
6 parts 2 4 2 4 2 4 1
8 parts 1 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 1
10 parts So on
 b) The ordinates measured athwartships across a ship at the load water line are (in m)
0.2, 9, 15.5, 20, 21.5, 20.5, 18.5, 12.5, and 1.3
respectively and the length is 180m. Find the water plane area.
Soln Ship length =180m , It is divided into 8 equal parts
h = 180/8 = 22.5
Ordinates Simpson’s multiplier Product
0.2 1 0.2
9 4 36
15.5 2 31
20 4 80
21.5 2 43
20.5 4 82
18.5 2 37
12.5 4 50
1.3 1 1.3
∑ = 360.5
Water plane area = h/3 [∑]
= 22.5/3 [360.5]
= 2703.75 sq. m.
 b) The half ordinates measured athwartships across a ship at the load water line are (in m)
0.2, 9, 15.5, 20, 21.5, 20.5, 18.5, 12.5, and 1.3
respectively and the length is 180m. Find the water plane area.
Soln Ship length =180m , It is divided into 8 equal parts
h = 180/8 = 22.5
Half ordinates Simpson’s multiplier Product
0.2 1 0.2
9 4 36
15.5 2 31
20 4 80
21.5 2 43
20.5 4 82
18.5 2 37
12.5 4 50
1.3 1 1.3
∑ = 360.5
Half water plane area = h/3 [∑]
= 22.5/3 [360.5]
= 2703.75 sq. m.
Water plane area = 2 x 2703.75 = 5407.5 sq. m.
If instead of ordinates, areas are given then we can
find the volume using the same formula
The areas of the Ship’s water plane are as follows
Draft 0 1 2 3 4
Area of water plane
in sq. m
650 660 662 661 660

Find the under water volume.

Soln:- Area Simpson’s Multiplier Products
650 1 650
660 4 2640
662 2 1324
661 4 2644
660 1 660
7918

Under water volume = h/3 ∑ = 1/3 [ 7918 ]

= 2639.33 cubic meter
Simpson’s Second rule [3/8th rule]
Divide into multiple of 3 parts (3,6,9---- parts)
division Simpson’s multipliers
3 parts 1 3 3 1
6 parts 1 3 3 2 3 3 1
9 parts 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 1
12 parts So on
15 parts So on

3h
Area  
8
Simpson’s Third rule [ 5/8th rule ]
Divide into any n equal parts .
Measures y0,y1 ----- yn & h
Suppose we divide the region in 3 parts

y0 A1 y1 A2 y2 A3 y3

Ordinates Simpson 5/8 product

multiplier
y0 5 5y0 A1 = (h/12) ∑1
y1 8 8y1
y2 -1 -y2
∑1
Simpson’s Third rule [ 5/8th rule ]
Suppose we divide the region in 3 parts
y0 A1 y1 A2 y2 A3 y3

Ordinates Simpson 5/8 product

multiplier
y1 5 5y1 A2 = (h/12) ∑2
y2 8 8y2
y3 -1 -y3
∑2

Ordinates Simpson 5/8 product

multiplier A3 = (h/12) ∑3
y3 5 5y3
y2 8 8y2
y1 -1 -y1
∑3 Area = A1 + A2 + A3
Evaluate 2
1 using Simpson’s 1/3rd rule, by dividing

1
x
dx
the interval into 4 equal parts.
1
Soln Let f x   , a=1, b=2 and n=4
x
→ h = b  a = 2  1 = 0.25
n 4
x Ordinates=f(x) Simpson’s multiplier product
a=1 1 =1 1 1
1
a+h = 1.25 1 = 0.8 4 3.2
a+2h=1.5 = 0.66667
1.25
2 1.33333
a+3h=1.75 = 0.57143 4 2.28572
a+4h=2 = 0.5 1 0.5
∑=8.31905


1
1
x
dx  h
3
  = 8.31905 0.69325
0.25
3
 Solution : h=10
Area of cross section = 710 sq. feet
Ordinates Simpson’s 1/3 multipliers Products
0 1 0
4 4 16
7 2 14
9 4 36
12 2 24
15 4 60
14 2 28
8 4 32
3 1 3
213

10
Areaofcros s sec tion  h
3
   213 710sq. feet
3
 4
#Evaluate using Simpson’s first rule, dividing the interval [0,4] in 4 equal

3
x dx
parts. 0
#Integrate 1/(x2 +1) between 0 and 2 using Simpson's 1/3rd rule and 3/8th rule
taking 8 equal parts.
#The curve is given by the following values
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 0 2 2.5 2.3 2 1.7 1.5
Find the area bounded by the curve , the end ordinates &the x-axis
#The areas are given by the following values
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 180 222.6 276.5 303.3 291.2 275.7 250
Find the volume by Simpson’s 3/8 rule.
Volume of revolution
 x y y2 Simpson’s Product
multipliers
0 0 0 1 0
1 2 4 4 16
2 2.5 6.25 2 12.5
3 2.3 5.29 4 21.16
4 2 4 2 8
5 1.7 2.89 4 11.56
6 1.5 2.25 1 2.25
71.47

h 1
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛=𝜋 ∑ ¿𝜋 71.47=74.84321𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
3 3
Centroid OR Center of gravity(CG)