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Interpolation Extrapolation

The document discusses interpolation and extrapolation methods for estimating population data and other values using Lagrange's interpolation formula and Newton's forward and backward interpolation formulas. It provides examples of calculating values based on given data points, including finding population estimates for specific years and evaluating functions at certain points. Additionally, it includes tables for forward and backward differences to aid in the interpolation process.

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Ankit
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13 views

Interpolation Extrapolation

The document discusses interpolation and extrapolation methods for estimating population data and other values using Lagrange's interpolation formula and Newton's forward and backward interpolation formulas. It provides examples of calculating values based on given data points, including finding population estimates for specific years and evaluating functions at certain points. Additionally, it includes tables for forward and backward differences to aid in the interpolation process.

Uploaded by

Ankit
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 38

INTERPOLATION & EXTRAPOLATION

India’s population counting (census) is done every 10 years


First it was done in the year 1951
then in 1961, then in 1971
So on
Means we know our populations in these years as below
Year 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011
Population we we we we we we we
know know know know know know know

Suppose we want to know the population of India in the year 1995


This we can do by using interpolation formula
Suppose we want to know the population of India in the year 2020
This we can do by using interpolation formula
But we called it extrapolation (beyond the range)
INTERPOLATION & EXTRAPOLATION
x X0 x1 X2
Lagrange’s interpolation formula Y=f(x) y0 y1 y2
For x
x
f(x) OR y = (x-x1)(x-x2)y0 +
(x0-x1)(x0-x2)
+ (x-x0)(x-x2)y1
(x1-x0)(x1-x2)
+ (x-x0)(x-x1)y2
(x2-x0)(x2-x1)
INTERPOLATION & EXTRAPOLATION
x 2 6 8
Find f(5) using the given table Y=f(x) 46 102 122

5
+
+122
INTERPOLATION & EXTRAPOLATION
x 2 6 8
Find f(9) using the given table Y=f(x) 46 102 122

9
+
+122
INTERPOLATION & EXTRAPOLATION
x X0 x1 X2
Lagrange’s interpolation formula Y=f(x) y0 y1 y2
For y
y
x = (y-y1)(y-y2)x0 +
(y0-y1)(y0-y2)
+ (y-y0)(y-y2)x1
(y1-y0)(y1-y2)
+ (y-y0)(y-y1)x2
(y2-y0)(y2-y1)
INTERPOLATION & EXTRAPOLATION
x 2 6 8
Find x for which f(x) = 130 Y=f(x) 46 102 122

130
x
+
+

x 8.88421
1)Given the values
x 5 7 11 13 17
F(x) 150 392 1452 2366 5202

Evaluate f(9) using Lagrange’s formula.

+
++
++
++
+
1)Given the values
x 5 7 11 13 17
F(x) 150 392 1452 2366 5202

Evaluate f(9) using Lagrange’s formula.


++++
Fit a polynomial interpolating the following data
x 2 6 8
f(x) 46 102 122

Hence find f(5) and f(9).


Solution:
Fit a polynomial interpolating the following data
x 2 6 8
f(x) 46 102 122

Hence find f(5) and f(9).


Soln:
# Find the equation of the curve if it passes through
the points (0,0), (1,5) and (2,2).
# Find the equation of the curve if it passes through
the points (0,0), (1,5) and (2,2).
x 0 1 2
y=f(x) 0 5 2

Find f(x)

2 + 9x
-4 x
=
f(x)
swer
An
#

3/ 3
)= 4
0
y(1
swer
An
#
#

x 1 3 4 6
y(x) -3 9 30 132
#

f(x)=(1)(-1)(-2)(43)
(-2)(-4)(-5)
+(3)(-1)(-2)(65)
(2)(-2)(-3)
+(3)(1)(-2)(159)
(4)(2)(-1)
+(3)(1)(-1)(248)
(5)(3)(1)

f(x)=100
#
Newton’s forward interpolation formula
And
Newton’s backward interpolation formula
Forward difference table
x 2 4 6 8 10
F(x) 4.8 8.4 14.5 23.6 36.2
Forward difference table
x 2 4 6 8 10
F(x) 4.8 8.4 14.5 23.6 36.2
X0
Forward difference table is
x f(x) ∆f(x) ∆2f(x) ∆3f(x) ∆4f(x)
2 4.8 3.6 2.5 0.5 0
4 8.4 6.1 3.0 0.5
6 14.5 9.1 3.5
8 23.6 12.6
10 36.2
Backward difference table
x 2 4 6 8 10
F(x) 4.8 8.4 14.5 23.6 36.2
xn
Backward difference table is
x f(x) Vf(x) V2f(x) V3f(x) V4f(x)
2 4.8
4 8.4 3.6
6 14.5 6.1 2.5
8 23.6 9.1 3.0 0.5
10 36.2 12.6 3.5 0.5 0
Newton forward difference formula
p = x-x0
h
Where h = constant interval of x
i.e. h= x1-x0,h=x2-x1-----------
Newton forward difference formula
p = x-x0
h
F(x) = f(x0)+p∆f(x0)+p(p-1) ∆ f(x0)
2

2!
+p(p-1)(p-2) ∆3f(x0)+ -------
3!
Newton backward difference formula
p = x-xn
h
F(x) = f(xn)+pVf(xn)+p(p+1) V f(xn)
2

2!
+p(p+1)(p+2) V3f(xn)+ -------
3!
Find f(3) from the following table
X 2 4 6 8 10
F(x) 4.8 8.4 14.5 23.6 36.2
Find f(3) from the following table
X 2 4 6 8 10
F(x) 4.8 8.4 14.5 23.6 36.2

x f(x) ∆f(x) ∆2f(x) ∆3f(x) ∆4f(x)

2 4.8 3.6 2.5 0.5 0


4 8.4 6.1 3 0.5
6 14.5 9.1 3.5
8 23.6 12.6
10 36.2

p=(x-x0)/h = (3-2)/2 = 0.5

f(3)=f(x)+p∆f(x)+p(p-1) ∆2f(x)/2!+p(p-1)(p-2) ∆3f(x)/3!


= 4.8+0.5(3.6)+0.5(-0.5)(2.5)/2+0.5(-0.5)(-1.5)(0.5)/6
= 6.31875
Find f(9) from the following table
X 2 4 6 8 10
F(x) 4.8 8.4 14.5 23.6 36.2
Find f(9) from the following table
X 2 4 6 8 10
F(x) 4.8 8.4 14.5 23.6 36.2

x f(x) ∆f(x) ∆2f(x) ∆3f(x) ∆4f(x)

2 4.8 3.6 2.5 0.5 0


4 8.4 6.1 3 0.5
6 14.5 9.1 3.5
8 23.6 12.6
10 36.2

p=(x-xn)/h = (9-10)/2 = -0.5

f(9)=f(x)+p f(x)+p(p+1) ∆2f(x)/2!+p(p+1(p+2) ∆3f(x)/3!


=36.2+(-0.5)(12.6)+(-0.5)(0.5)(3.5)/2+(-0.5)(0.5)(1.5)(0.5)/6
= 29.43125
.
.

x f(x) ∆f(x) ∆2f(x) ∆3f(x)


0 1 1 -2 12
1 2 -1 10
2 1 9
3 10

p=(x-x0)/h = (x-0)/1 = x
f(x)=f(x)+p∆f(x)+p(p-1) ∆2f(x)/2!+p(p-1)(p-2) ∆3f(x)/3!
= 1+x(1)+x(x-1)(-2)/2 + x(x-1)(x-2)(12)/6
= 1+x+(x2-x)(-1)+x(x2-3x+2)(2)
= 1+x-x2+x+2x3-6x2+4x
f(x) = 2x3-7x2+6x+1
#

Answer is f(1.6)=5.44
#
#

Also find f(100).

Answer is f(45)= 49.2266


&

f(100)=382.
Linear Interpolation
X1 Y1
X2 Y2
To find
X3 Y3
Linear Interpolation
X1 Y1
X2 Y2
To find
X3 Y3

( y3  y1)( x 2  x1)
By Linear Interpolation y 2  y1 
( x3  x1)

y 2  y1
y 2  y1  ( y3  y1)
y 2  y1  ( y3  y1)( x 2  x1)

( y3  y1)( x 2  x1)
y 2  y1 
( x3  x1)
From the following table find displacement when draught is 4.25 m.
Displaceme M.C.T.C. K.M. (T) K.M. (L)
Draught - nt (Metric T.P.C.I. (Moment L.C.B. L.C.F. V.C.B. Transverse Longl.
(Tonnes F.W.D. of F.W.D. of
B.K. Tonnes) i.e. to change Above Base Meta- Meta-
per cm. AP AP
(Meters) 1000 Trim one (Metres) center A.B. centre A.B.
Kilograms Immersion) cm) (Meters) (Meters) (Meters) (Meters)
2.8 5063 20.72 145.2 72.946 73.117 1.496 12.152 415.4

3 5478 20.9 148 72.958 73.131 1.604 11.674 391.3

3.2 5897 21.09 150.7 72.97 73.145 1.712 11.234 369.2

3.4 6320 21.24 153.2 72.981 73.145 1.822 10.834 349.5

3.6 6746 21.38 155.2 72.992 73.145 1.93 10.478 332.5

3.8 7174 21.5 157.1 73 73.145 2.038 10.154 317

4 7605 21.62 158.9 73.01 73.131 2.146 9.864 303.3

4.2 8038 21.72 160.7 73.014 73.103 2.256 9.61 290.1

4.4 8473 21.82 162.4 73.017 73.06 2.366 9.386 278.4

4.6 8910 21.91 163.8 73.019 73.017 2.472 9.196 267.5

4.8 9348 21.99 165.4 73.018 72.974 2.576 9.032 257.3


From the following table find displacement when draught is 4.25 m.
Displaceme M.C.T.C. K.M. (T) K.M. (L)
Draught - nt (Metric T.P.C.I. (Moment L.C.B. L.C.F. V.C.B. Transverse Longl.
(Tonnes F.W.D. of F.W.D. of
B.K. Tonnes) i.e. to change Above Base Meta- Meta-
per cm. AP AP
(Meters) 1000 Trim one (Metres) center A.B. centre A.B.
Kilograms Immersion) cm) (Meters) (Meters) (Meters) (Meters)
y3
2.8 5063 20.72 145.2 72.946 73.117 1.496 12.152 415.4

3 5478 20.9 148 72.958 73.131 1.604 11.674 391.3

3.2 5897 21.09 150.7 72.97 73.145 1.712 11.234 369.2

3.4 6320 21.24 153.2 72.981 73.145 1.822 10.834 349.5


+(8473-8038).05/.2

3.6 6746 21.38 155.2 72.992 73.145 1.93 10.478 332.5 metric tonnes
3.8 7174 21.5 157.1 73 73.145 2.038 10.154 317

4 7605 21.62 158.9 73.01 73.131 2.146 9.864 303.3

4.2 8038 21.72 160.7 73.014 73.103 2.256 9.61 290.1

4.25
4.4 ?
8473 21.82 162.4 73.017 73.06 2.366 9.386 278.4

4.6 8910 21.91 163.8 73.019 73.017 2.472 9.196 267.5

4.8 9348 21.99 165.4 73.018 72.974 2.576 9.032 257.3

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