Chapter 3 Classification of Matter 13th Ed
Chapter 3 Classification of Matter 13th Ed
CHEMISTRY
Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition
Chapter 3
Matter and Energy
(Lecture PPTs)
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. It makes up all
things we use, such as
• water;
• wood; and
• plastic bags.
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Pure Substances:
Elements and Compounds
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Classification of Matter
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Elements
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Compounds
In a homogeneous mixture,
• the composition is uniform
throughout the sample
• the different parts of the
mixture are not visible
Brass is a homogeneous
mixture of copper and
zinc atoms.
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Scuba Breathing Mixtures
In a heterogeneous mixture,
• the composition varies from
one part of the mixture to
another
• the different parts of the
mixture are visible
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Learning Check
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
3.2 States and Properties of Matter
Solids have
• a definite shape
• a definite volume
• particles are held close
together by strong
attractive forces
• particles are arranged in
a rigid pattern and can
only vibrate slowly in Amethyst, a solid, is a purple
fixed positions form of quartz (SiO2).
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Liquids
Liquids have
• a definite volume, but not a
definite shape
• the same shape as their
container
• particles that move slowly
in random directions
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Gases
Gases have
• an indefinite shape
• an indefinite volume
• the same shape and
volume as their container
• particles that are far apart,
move at high speeds, and
have little attraction to
each other
A gas takes the shape and volume of
its container.
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Physical States of Matter
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Learning Check
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Physical Properties
Physical properties
• are characteristics observed or measured without changing the
identity of a substance.
• include the shape, physical state, boiling and freezing points,
density, and color of that substance.
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Physical Properties of Copper
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Chemical Properties and Changes
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Chemical Changes
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution
TK = TC + 273
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution
TK = 37 + 273
TK = 310. K Answer is B.
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Learning Check
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution
1.8
Answer is D.
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Chemistry Link to Health
Variation in Body Temperature
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Chemistry Link to Health
Variation in Body Temperature
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Energy
Energy
• is defined as the ability to do work
• can be classified as either kinetic or potential energy
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Potential or Kinetic Energy?
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Heat and Units of Energy, Joules
Heat is
• the energy associated with the motion of particles
• the faster the particles move, the greater the heat or
thermal energy of the substance
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Heat and Units of Energy, Calories
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Learning Check
A. 0.86 cal
B. 630 cal
C. 36 cal
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution
One hour of
swimming uses
2100 kJ of energy.
Primary Fuel
Carbohydrates Fats Proteins
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Energy and Nutrition
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Calorimeters Measure Energy Values
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Food Energy Values
The energy values for the three food types are given in kcal/g
and kJ/g.
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Chemistry Link to Health
Losing and Gaining Weight
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Specific Heat of Liquid Water
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Learning Check
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Calculations Using Specific Heat
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution
Example: Use the heat equation to calculate the energy, in kJ,
needed to heat 255 g of copper from 24 °C to 185 °C. specific
heat of copper=0.385J/g °C
STEP 3 Write the heat equation and needed
conversion factors.
0.385 J
Heat m T SH SH copper
g C
STEP 4 Substitute in the given values and calculate
the heat, making sure units cancel.
3 SFs Exact
0.385 J 1 kJ
Heat 255 g 161 C 15.8 kJ
g C 1000 J
3 SFs 3 SFs Exact 3 SFs
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
3.7 Changes of State
Matter undergoes a
change of state when it
is converted from one
state to another state at
a constant temperature.
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Melting and Freezing
A substance
• is melting while it changes from a solid to a liquid at its
melting point (mp)
• is freezing while it changes from a liquid to a solid at its
freezing point (fp)
Water has a freezing (melting) point of 0 °C.
For H2O, 80. cal (334 J) of heat is needed to melt 1 g of ice at its
melting point (0 °C).
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Heat of Fusion
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Solution
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Sublimation and Deposition
Evaporation occurs
when water molecules
gain sufficient energy
to escape the liquid
surface and enter the
gas phase.
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Evaporation, Boiling, and Condensation
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Evaporation, Boiling, and Condensation
In condensation, water
vapor is converted to a
liquid as the water
molecules lose kinetic
energy and slow down.
Condensation occurs at the
same temperature as
boiling, but heat is
removed.
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Heat of Vaporization
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Heat of Condensation
H 2O( g )
H 2O(l ) 540 cal/g (2260 J/g)
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Heat of Vaporization, H2O
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Heating Curve
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Cooling Curve
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Learning Check
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Learning Check
Use the cooling curve for water to answer each of the following:
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution
Use the cooling curve for water to answer each of the following:
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Learning Check
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution
Steam at 100. °C
condenses to liquid
100. °C
Liquid cools to 0.0 °C
0.0 °C
Liquid turns to solid at 0.0 °C
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution
1 g of H 2O (l s) 334 J 1 kJ 1000 J
334 J 1 g H 2O 1000 J 1 kJ
and and
1 g H 2O 334 J 1 kJ 1000 J
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution
STEP 4 (continued)
(3) Calculate the heat released as liquid is cooled:
4 SFs Exact
4.184 J 1 kJ
175 g H 2O(l ) 100. C 73.2 kJ
g C 1000 J
3 SFs 3 SFs Exact Exact 3 SFs
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution
STEP 4 (continued)
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.