0% found this document useful (0 votes)
2 views85 pages

Chapter 3 Classification of Matter 13th Ed

Chapter 3 of 'Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry' discusses the classification of matter into pure substances and mixtures, detailing elements and compounds as types of pure substances. It also explores the three states of matter—solids, liquids, and gases—along with their physical properties and changes, as well as chemical properties and changes. The chapter concludes with a discussion on energy, defining kinetic and potential energy.

Uploaded by

noormohsen210
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
2 views85 pages

Chapter 3 Classification of Matter 13th Ed

Chapter 3 of 'Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry' discusses the classification of matter into pure substances and mixtures, detailing elements and compounds as types of pure substances. It also explores the three states of matter—solids, liquids, and gases—along with their physical properties and changes, as well as chemical properties and changes. The chapter concludes with a discussion on energy, defining kinetic and potential energy.

Uploaded by

noormohsen210
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 85

Karen Timberlake

CHEMISTRY
Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition

Chapter 3
Matter and Energy
(Lecture PPTs)

© 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.


3.1 Classification of Matter

Learning Goal Classify examples of matter as pure substances


or mixtures.
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Classification of Matter

Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. It makes up all
things we use, such as
• water;
• wood; and
• plastic bags.

We can classify matter according to its composition:


• Pure substances have a fixed or definite composition.
• Mixtures contain two or more different substances that are
physically mixed but not chemically combined.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Pure Substances:
Elements and Compounds

A pure substance is classified as

• a type of matter with a fixed or


definite composition
• an element that is composed of
one type of atom
• a compound that is composed
An aluminum can consists
of two or more elements
of many atoms of aluminum.
always combined in the same
proportion

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Classification of Matter

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Elements

Elements are pure substances


that contain only one type of
material, such as
• copper, Cu
• lead, Pb
• aluminum, Al

The element copper consists


of copper atoms.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Compounds

A compound consists of two


or more elements chemically
combined in a definite ratio,
such as
• hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
• table salt (NaCl)
• sugar (C12H22O11)
• water (H2O) Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, consists
of two atoms of hydrogen (white)
for every two atoms of oxygen
(red).
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Mixtures

A mixture is a type of matter that


consists of
• two or more substances that are
physically mixed, but not
chemically combined
• two or more substances in
different proportions that can be
separated by physical methods

A mixture of spaghetti and water


is separated using a strainer, a
physical method of separation.
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Laboratory Separation of Mixtures

(a) A mixture of a liquid and a solid is separated by filtration.


(b) Different substances are separated as they travel at different rates up the
surface of chromatography paper.
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Homogeneous Mixtures

In a homogeneous mixture,
• the composition is uniform
throughout the sample
• the different parts of the
mixture are not visible

Brass is a homogeneous
mixture of copper and
zinc atoms.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Scuba Breathing Mixtures

Breathing mixtures for scuba


are homogeneous mixtures.
Some examples are
• nitrox (oxygen and
nitrogen gases)
• heliox (oxygen and
helium gases)
• trimix (oxygen, helium, and
nitrogen gases)
A nitrox mixture is used to
fill scuba tanks.
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Heterogeneous Mixtures

In a heterogeneous mixture,
• the composition varies from
one part of the mixture to
another
• the different parts of the
mixture are visible

Copper metal and water form


a heterogeneous mixture.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Learning Check

Identify each of the following as a pure substance or a mixture:

A. pasta and tomato sauce


B. aluminum foil
C. helium
D. air

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
3.2 States and Properties of Matter

Matter on Earth exists in one


of three physical states:
solid, liquid, or gas.

Learning Goal Identify the states and physical and chemical


properties of matter.
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solids

Solids have
• a definite shape
• a definite volume
• particles are held close
together by strong
attractive forces
• particles are arranged in
a rigid pattern and can
only vibrate slowly in Amethyst, a solid, is a purple
fixed positions form of quartz (SiO2).

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Liquids

Liquids have
• a definite volume, but not a
definite shape
• the same shape as their
container
• particles that move slowly
in random directions

Water as a liquid takes


the shape of its container.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Gases

Gases have
• an indefinite shape
• an indefinite volume
• the same shape and
volume as their container
• particles that are far apart,
move at high speeds, and
have little attraction to
each other
A gas takes the shape and volume of
its container.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Physical States of Matter

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Learning Check

Identify each description as that of particles of a


1) solid 2) liquid 3) gas
__ A. has definite volume but takes the shape of the container
__ B. particles are moving rapidly
__ C. particles fill the entire volume of a container
__ D. particles have a fixed arrangement
__ E. particles are close together but moving randomly

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution

Identify each description as that of particles of a


1) solid 2) liquid 3) gas

A. 2) liquid has definite volume, but takes the shape of


the container
B. 3) gas particles are moving rapidly
C. 3) gas particles fill the entire volume of a container
D. 1) solid particles have a fixed arrangement
E. 2) liquid particles are close together, but
moving randomly

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution

Identify the state of matter for each of the following:


A. vitamin tablets solid
B. eye drops liquid
C. vegetable oil liquid
D. a candle solid
E. air in a basketball gas

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Physical Properties

Physical properties
• are characteristics observed or measured without changing the
identity of a substance.
• include the shape, physical state, boiling and freezing points,
density, and color of that substance.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Physical Properties of Copper

Copper has these physical


properties:
• reddish-orange color
• shiny
• excellent conductor of heat and
electricity
• solid at 25 °C
• melting point 1083 °C
• boiling point 2567 °C

Copper, used in cookware, is a good


conductor of heat.
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Physical Changes

Physical changes occur when matter undergoes a physical change


of state, but its composition remains constant.
Water exists in three states: (1) ice, (2) water, and (3) steam.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution

Classify each of the following as a


1) change of state 2) change of shape

B. water boiling in a pot 1) change of state


C. ice cream melting 1) change of state
D. ice forming in a freezer 1) change of state
E. cutting dough into strips 2) change of shape

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Chemical Properties and Changes

Chemical properties describe the ability of a substance


• to interact with other substances
• to change into a new substance

When a chemical change takes place, the original


substance is turned into one or more new substances with
new physical and chemical properties.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Chemical Changes

During a chemical change, a


new substance forms that has
• a new composition
• new physical properties
• new chemical properties

For example, when iron nails


corrode in the presence of Sugar caramelizing at a high
water, a new substance forms temperature is an example of a
on them, a red-orange powder chemical change.
called rust (Fe2O3).
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Physical and Chemical Changes

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution

Classify each of the following properties as physical or


chemical:
A. Ice melts in the sun. physical
B. Copper is a shiny metal. physical
C. Paper can burn. chemical
E. A magnet removes iron particles from a mixture.
physical

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution

Classify each of the following changes as physical


or chemical:
A. burning a candle chemical
B. ice melting on the street physical
C. toasting a marshmallow chemical
D. cutting a pizza physical
E. iron rusting in an old car chemical

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution

What is normal body temperature of 37 °C in kelvins?

STEP 1 State the given and needed quantities.


ANALYZE Given Need Connect
THE PROBLEM 37 °C T in K temperature equation

STEP 2 Write a temperature equation.

TK = TC + 273

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution

What is normal body temperature of 37 °C in kelvins?

STEP 3 Substitute in the known values and calculate


the new temperature.

TK = 37 + 273

TK = 310. K Answer is B.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution

On a cold winter day, the temperature is −15 °F. What is that


temperature in degrees Celsius?

STEP 1 State the given and needed quantities.


ANALYZE Given Need Connect
THE PROBLEM −15 °F T in °C temperature equation

STEP 2 Write a temperature equation.


TC = TF − 32
1.8

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Learning Check

On a cold winter day, the temperature is −15 °F. What is that


temperature in degrees Celsius?
A. −85 °C
B. −47 °C
C. −42 °C
D. −26 °C

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution

On a cold winter day, the temperature is −15 °F. What is that


temperature in degrees Celsius?

STEP 3 Substitute in the known values and calculate


the new temperature.
TC = (−5 −32)
1.8 is exact; 32 is exact
1.8

TC = −47 = −26 °C Answer to the ones place

1.8
Answer is D.
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Chemistry Link to Health
Variation in Body Temperature

Body temperatures above 41 °C,


called hyperthermia, can lead to
convulsions and may cause
permanent brain damage.
Heatstroke occurs above 41.1 °C.
Treatment may include
immersing the person in an
ice-water bath.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Chemistry Link to Health
Variation in Body Temperature

In hypothermia, body temperature


can drop as low as 28.5 °C.
Treatment involves providing
oxygen and increasing blood volume
with glucose and saline fluids.
Injecting warm fluids (37.0 °C) into
the peritoneal cavity may restore the
internal temperature.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution

A person with hypothermia has a body temperature of 34.8 °C.


What is that temperature in degrees Fahrenheit?

STEP 3 Substitute in the known values and calculate


the new temperature.

TF = 1.8(34.8) + 32 1.8 is exact; 32 is exact

TF = 62.6 + 32 = 94.6 °F Answer to the tenths place

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Energy

Energy
• is defined as the ability to do work
• can be classified as either kinetic or potential energy

Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.


Potential energy is determined by the position of an object
or its chemical composition.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Potential or Kinetic Energy?

Water in a reservoir behind a dam has potential energy.


When the water is released and flows over the dam, its potential
energy is converted to kinetic energy.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution

Identify the energy in each example as potential or kinetic.

B. a peanut butter and jelly sandwich potential


C. mowing the lawn ‫قص‬ kinetic
‫العشب‬
D. gasoline in the gas tank potential

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Heat and Units of Energy, Joules

Heat is
• the energy associated with the motion of particles
• the faster the particles move, the greater the heat or
thermal energy of the substance

The SI unit of energy and work is the joule (J).


1 kJ = 1000 J

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Heat and Units of Energy, Calories

The unit calorie is defined as the amount of energy needed to


raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 °C.

1 kilocalorie (kcal) = 1000 calories (cal)

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Learning Check

How many calories are obtained from a pat of butter if it


provides 150 J of energy when metabolized?

A. 0.86 cal

B. 630 cal

C. 36 cal

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution

How many calories are obtained from a pat of butter if it


provides 150 J of energy when metabolized?
STEP 3 Substitute in the known values and
calculate the new temperature.
1 cal 4.184 J
4.184 J 1 cal
and
1 cal 4.184 J

STEP 4 Set up the problem to calculate the needed


quantity. Exact
1 cal
150 J   36 cal
Answer is C. 4.184 J
2 SFs Exact 2 SFs
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
3.5 Energy and Nutrition

One hour of
swimming uses
2100 kJ of energy.

Learning Goal Use the energy values to calculate the


kilocalories (kcal) or kilojoules (kJ) for a food.
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Energy and Nutrition

Carbohydrates are the body’s primary source of energy; however,


when carbohydrate reserves are exhausted, fats and then proteins are
used for energy.

Primary Fuel
Carbohydrates Fats Proteins

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Energy and Nutrition

On food labels, energy is shown as the


nutritional Calorie, written with a capital C.
In countries other than the United States,
energy is shown in kilojoules (kJ).

1 Cal = 1 kcal = 1000 calories


1 Cal = 4.184 kJ = 4184 J

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Calorimeters Measure Energy Values

Heat released from


burning a food
sample in a
calorimeter is used to
determine the energy
value for the food.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Food Energy Values

The energy values for the three food types are given in kcal/g
and kJ/g.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution

A cup of whole milk contains 12 g of carbohydrate, 9 g of fat, and


9 g of protein. How many kilocalories does a cup of whole milk
contain? (Round off the answer for each food type to the tens
place.)
STEP 2 Use the energy value for each food type to
calculate the kilocalories, rounded off to the
tens place.

12 g carbohydrate × 4 kcal/g = 50 kcal


9 g fat × 9 kcal/g = 80 kcal

9 g protein × 4 kcal/g = 40 kcal


Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution

A cup of whole milk contains 12 g of carbohydrate, 9 g of fat, and


9 g of protein. How many kilocalories does a cup of whole milk
contain? (Round off the answer for each food type to the tens
place.)
STEP 3 Add the energy for each food type to give the
total energy from the food.

Total energy = 50 kcal + 80 kcal + 40 kcal = 170 kcal

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Chemistry Link to Health
Losing and Gaining Weight

The number of kilocalories


or kilojoules needed in the
daily diet of an adult depends
on gender, age, and level of
physical activity.

A person loses weight when


food intake is less than
energy output.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Specific Heat of Liquid Water

Because of the high specific heat of water, a large mass of water


near a coastal city can absorb or release five times the energy
absorbed or released by the same amount of rock near an inland
city.
specific heat: the amount of energy needed to
raise the temperature of 1 g of substance by 1 °C.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Learning Check

1. When ocean water cools, the surrounding air


A. cools B. warms C. stays the same

2. Sand in the desert is hot in the day and cool at night.


Sand must have a
A. low specific heat B. high specific heat

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution

1. When ocean water cools, the surrounding air


B. warms

2. Sand in the desert is hot in the day and cool at night.


Sand must have a
A. low specific heat

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Calculations Using Specific Heat

When we know the specific heat of a substance, we can


• rearrange the specific heat expression to give the heat
equation
• calculate the heat lost or gained by a given mass of the
substance over a certain temperature change

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution
Example: Use the heat equation to calculate the energy, in kJ,
needed to heat 255 g of copper from 24 °C to 185 °C. specific
heat of copper=0.385J/g °C
STEP 3 Write the heat equation and needed
conversion factors.
0.385 J
Heat  m  T  SH SH copper 
g C
STEP 4 Substitute in the given values and calculate
the heat, making sure units cancel.
3 SFs Exact
0.385 J 1 kJ
Heat  255 g  161  C    15.8 kJ
g C 1000 J
3 SFs 3 SFs Exact 3 SFs

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
3.7 Changes of State

Changes of state include


melting and freezing,
boiling and condensation,
and sublimation and
deposition.

Learning Goal Describe the changes of state between solids,


liquids, and gases; calculate the energy released or absorbed.
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Changes of State

Matter undergoes a
change of state when it
is converted from one
state to another state at
a constant temperature.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Melting and Freezing

A substance
• is melting while it changes from a solid to a liquid at its
melting point (mp)
• is freezing while it changes from a liquid to a solid at its
freezing point (fp)
Water has a freezing (melting) point of 0 °C.

Melting and freezing are reversible processes.


Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Heat of Fusion

The heat of fusion is the energy that must be added to convert


exactly 1 g of solid to a liquid at its melting point.

For H2O, 80. cal (334 J) of heat is needed to melt 1 g of ice at its
melting point (0 °C).

H 2O( s )  80. cal/g (334 J/g)  


 H 2O(l )

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Heat of Fusion

The heat of fusion is also the quantity of heat that must be


removed to convert exactly 1 g of liquid to a solid at its freezing
point.

For H2O, 80. cal (334 J) of heat is removed to freeze 1 g of water


at its freezing point (0 °C).
H 2O(l )  
 H 2O( s)  80. cal/g (334 J/g)

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution

How many kilojoules are needed to melt 32.0 g of ice at 0 °C?

STEP 4 Set up the problem and calculate the needed


3 SFs Exact
quantity. 334 J 1 kJ
32.0 g H 2O(s)    10.7 kJ
1 g H 2O(s) 1000 J
3 SFs Exact Exact 3 SFs

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Sublimation and Deposition

When sublimation occurs,


• the particles on the surface
of a solid change directly
to a gas without going through
the liquid state
• there is no change in Sublimation and deposition are
temperature reversible processes.
In the reverse process, called
deposition, gas particles change
directly to a solid.
Dry ice undergoes sublimation.
Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Evaporation, Boiling, and Condensation

Evaporation occurs
when water molecules
gain sufficient energy
to escape the liquid
surface and enter the
gas phase.

During evaporation, molecules of the liquid are


converted to gas at the surface of the liquid.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Evaporation, Boiling, and Condensation

At the boiling point, the


molecules have enough
energy to overcome their
attractive forces and
become a gas.

Boiling occurs as bubbles of gas form


throughout the liquid.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Evaporation, Boiling, and Condensation

In condensation, water
vapor is converted to a
liquid as the water
molecules lose kinetic
energy and slow down.
Condensation occurs at the
same temperature as
boiling, but heat is
removed.

Vaporization and condensation


are reversible processes.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Heat of Vaporization

The heat of vaporization is the amount of heat


• absorbed to change 1 g of liquid to gas at the boiling point
• released when 1 g of gas changes to liquid at the boiling point

For H2O, 540 cal (2260 J) of heat is needed to convert 1 g of


water to steam (vapor) at 100 °C.

H 2O(l )  540 cal/g (2260 J/g)  


 H 2O( g )

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Heat of Condensation

This same amount of heat is released when 1 g of water vapor


(gas) changes to liquid at 100 °C.

H 2O( g )  
 H 2O(l )  540 cal/g (2260 J/g)

Therefore, 540 cal/g or 2260 J/g is also the heat of condensation of


water.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Heat of Vaporization, H2O

The heat of vaporization (condensation) for water can be used


as a conversion factor.
1 g of H 2O (l  g ) 540 cal (2260 J)
540 cal 1 g H 2O 2260 J 1 g H 2O
and and
1 g H 2O 540 cal 1 g H 2O 2260 J

When calculating the heat needed to vaporize (or released when


condensing) water, we use the following equation:
Heat mass  heat of vaporization
540 cal 2260 J
cal  g  J g 
g g

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution

How many kilojoules are released when 50.0 g of steam from a


volcano condenses at 100 °C?
STEP 4 Set up the problem and calculate the needed
3 SFs Exact
quantity.
2260 J 1 kJ
50.0 g H 2O(g )    113 kJ
1 g H 2O(g ) 1000 J
3 SFs Exact Exact 3 SFs

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Heating Curve

On a heating curve, diagonal lines indicate changes in


temperature for a physical state, and horizontal lines (plateaus)
indicate changes of state.

A heating curve for water


diagrams the temperature
increases and changes of
state as heat is added.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Cooling Curve

On a cooling curve, diagonal lines indicate changes in


temperature for a physical state, and horizontal lines (plateaus)
indicate changes of state.

A cooling curve for water


diagrams the temperature
decrease and changes of
state as heat is removed.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Learning Check

1. A plateau (horizontal line) on a heating curve represents


A. a temperature change
B. a constant temperature
C. a change of state

2. A sloped line on a heating curve represents


A. a temperature change
B. a constant temperature
C. a change of state

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution

1. A plateau (horizontal line) on a heating curve represents


B. a constant temperature
C. a change of state

2. A sloped line on a heating curve represents


A. a temperature change

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Learning Check

Use the cooling curve for water to answer each of the following:

1. Water condenses at a temperature of


A. 0 °C B. 50 °C C. 100 °C
2. At a temperature of 0 °C, liquid water
A. freezes B. melts C. changes to a gas
3. At 40 °C, water is a
A. solid B. liquid C. gas
4. When water freezes, heat is
A. removed B. added

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution

Use the cooling curve for water to answer each of the following:

1. Water condenses at a temperature of


C. 100 °C
2. At a temperature of 0 °C, liquid water
A. freezes
3. At 40 °C, water is a
B. liquid
4. When water freezes, heat is
A. removed

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Learning Check

A 175-g sample of steam at 100 °C is emitted from a volcano. It


condenses, cools, and falls as snow at 0.0 °C. How many
kilojoules were released?
A. 396 kJ
B. 528 kJ
C. 133 kJ

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution

A 175-g sample of steam at 100. °C is emitted from a volcano.


It condenses, cools, and falls as snow at 0.0 °C. How many
kilojoules were released?

STEP 1 State the given and needed quantities.

ANALYZE Given Need Connect


THE PROBLEM 175 g of steam total heat released heat of
at 100. °C when condense condensation,
steam at 100. °C, specific heat
cool to 0.0 °C, of water, heat
and freeze to snow of fusion

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution

STEP 2 Write a plan to convert the given quantity to the


needed quantity.
Use the cooling curve to determine kilojoules released.

Steam at 100. °C
condenses to liquid

100. °C
Liquid cools to 0.0 °C

0.0 °C
Liquid turns to solid at 0.0 °C

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution

STEP 3 Write the heat conversion factors and any metric


factor.
4.184 J
1 g of H 2O ( g  l ) 2260 J SH H 2O 
g C
2260 J 1 g H 2O 4.184 J g C
and and
1 g H 2O 2260 J g C 4.184 J

1 g of H 2O (l  s) 334 J 1 kJ 1000 J
334 J 1 g H 2O 1000 J 1 kJ
and and
1 g H 2O 334 J 1 kJ 1000 J

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution

STEP 4 Set up the problem and calculate the needed


quantity.
(1) Calculate the heat released as steam is condensed:
3 SFs Exact
2260 J 1 kJ
175 g H 2O(g )    396 kJ
1 g H 2O(g ) 1000 J
3 SFs Exact Exact 3
SFs

(2) Calculate temperature change of the liquid:


ΔT = 100. °C − 0.0 °C = 100. °C

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution

STEP 4 (continued)
(3) Calculate the heat released as liquid is cooled:
4 SFs Exact
4.184 J 1 kJ
175 g H 2O(l )  100.  C    73.2 kJ
g C 1000 J
3 SFs 3 SFs Exact Exact 3 SFs

(4) Calculate the heat released as liquid freezes:


3 SFs Exact
334 J 1 kJ
175 g H 2O(l )    58.5 kJ
1 g H 2O(l ) 1000 J
3 SFs Exact Exact 3 SFs

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
Solution

STEP 4 (continued)

Calculate the total energy needed:


Heat released as steam is condensed = 396 kJ
Heat released as liquid is cooled = 73.2 kJ
Heat released as liquid freezes = 58.5 kJ
Total heat needed = 528 kJ
Answer is B.

Chemistry: An Introduction to General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Thirteenth Edition, Global Edition © 2019 Pearson Education Ltd.

You might also like