Hardware

&
Software
What is
a
Comput
er
• A computer system
consists of Hardware and

System?
Software.
• Hardware: The physical
components of a computer.
• Software: The programs
and instructions that tell
the computer what to do.
 Hardware
• Hardware refers to the physical components of a

computer.

• It is tangible (can be touched and seen).

• Works with software to perform tasks.

• Examples: Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse, CPU, Hard Drive.

 01
Types of
Input Devices (Provide data to
the computer)

Hardware 02 Output Devices (Receive

processed data from the
computer)

03 Processing Devices (Handle

computations and operations)

04 Storage Devices (Store data

permanently or temporarily)

05 Input/Output Devices (Function

as both input and output)
Input Devices
Devices are used to input data
into the computer.
Examples:

• Keyboard – Used for typing text and

commands.
• Mouse – Pointing device for navigation.
• Microphone – Captures voice input.
• Scanner – Converts physical documents
into digital form.
• Webcam – Captures images and videos.
• Touchpad – Used as a pointing device on
laptops.
• Graphics Tablet – Used for digital
drawing and designing.
Output Devices
Devices that display or
produce results from a
computer.
Examples:
• Monitor (Visual Display Unit - VDU)
⚬ CRT Monitor (Cathode Ray Tube)
⚬ LCD Monitor (Liquid Crystal Display)
⚬ LED Monitor (Light Emitting Diode)
• Printers
⚬ Impact Printers (Dot Matrix, Daisy
Wheel)
⚬ Non-Impact Printers (Laser, Inkjet,
Thermal)
• Speakers – Produce audio output.
• Projectors – Display output on a larger
screen.
Input / Output
Devices
Devices that function as both
input and output.
Examples:
• Touchscreen: Acts as an input device (touch
commands) and an output device (displays
information).
• Digital Camera: Captures images (input) and
displays them on screen (output).
• Headphone/Earphone: Contains both speakers and
a microphone. Acts as a sound input and output
device.
• Modem: A network device that translates digital
signals from the computer into analog signals for
the internet and vice versa.
Test your knowledge! Scan the QR code to attempt the
quiz.
Processing
Devices
• The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the brain
of the computer.
• It processes data and performs calculations.
• The CPU has the following three components:
a. Control Unit: Controls and coordinates
computer components.
b. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): Executes
all arithmetic and logical operations.
Arithmetic calculations.
c. Memory Registers: Stores the data that is
to be executed next, Very fast storage
area.
• Types of CPUs: Single-core, Dual-core, Quad-
core, Multi-core.
Storage Devices
A physical device capable of storing
information temporarily or permanently.

Primary Storage Secondary Storage

• Hard Disk Drives (HDD)

• Solid-State Drives (SSD)
• RAM (Random Access Memory) • Optical Discs (CD/DVD/Blu-ray)
• ROM (Read Only Memory) • USB Flash Drives
• Cache • Memory Cards
Primary
Storage
(Memory
)
• It is accessed directly by the processor.
• It is the fastest memory available.
• Small Capacity
• Close to CPU
• Three categories
⚬ RAM
⚬ ROM
⚬ Cache
RAM - Random Access
Memory
• The computer’s primary storage of data is to be processed.
• Silicon chips that store data and instructions as electronic currents.
• Volatile (If power failure happened, the data stored in RAM are quicklylost
• Temporary
• Random Selection of Memory Locations
• Data coming from input devices as well as data sent to outputdevices are held temporary in
RAM
• Two types of RAM
⚬ DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory)
⚬ SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)
ROM - Read Only Memory

• Non-volatile
• Permanent
• Instructions and data are hardcoded on the silicon chips.
• The commands required for booting up a computer are stored in ROM Thesecommands are
called BIOS (Basic Input Output System) Computer
• Manufacturing companies store these commands in a ROM with a smallercapacity and is
connected to the motherboards
• Three types of ROM
⚬ PROM( Programmable Read Only Memory)
⚬ EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
⚬ EEPROM( Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
Cache

• Volatile
• High speed
• Three types of Cache
⚬ Level 1 cache
⚬ Level 2 cache
⚬ Level 3 cache
• Stores frequently used computer programs, applications and data.
• Acts as the mediator between CPU (Central Processing Unit) and Primary Memory (RAM).
 Secondary Storage
• (Memory)
It is non-volatile.
• It has large capacities to the tune of terabytes.
• Speed is low
• There are internal storage devices as well as external, portable secondary storage devices.
• Three categories:
⚬ Magnetic devices
⚬ Optical devices
⚬ Solid-state devices
Magnetic Media Devices

• Hard Disk: Provides high-capacity storage at a lower cost per GB.

⚬ Internal Hard Disk
⚬ External Hard Disk
• Magnetic Tape: Provides a low-cost, high-density storage medium for low-access or
slow-access data.
• Floppy Disk: Provides removable, portable storage with a small capacity (1.44 MB).
Optical Media Devices
Use laser technology to read/write data on
discs.
• CD (Compact Disk)-Can store up to 700 MB of data.
⚬ CD ROM (CD Read Only Memory)
⚬ CD R (CD-Recordable)
⚬ CD RW (CD Re-Writable)
• DVD (Digital Versatile Disk/ Digital Video Disk)-Holds 4.7 GB (single-layer) or 8.5 GB (dual-
layer).
⚬ DVD ROM (DVD Read Only Memory)
⚬ DVD R (DVD Recordable)

⚬ DVD RW (DVD Re-Writable)

• Blue ray Disk (BD)-Higher capacity (25 GB single-layer, 50 GB dual-layer).
⚬ Blue ray R (BD Recordable)
⚬ Blue ray RE (BD Recordable Erasable)
⚬ Blue ray 3D
Solid State Devices

These use flash memory technology with no moving parts, providing fast
and durable storage.

• USB Flash Drive:

⚬ Provides a small, portable, and rewritable storage
solution.
• Memory Cards
⚬ The same function of USB Flash Drives
⚬ Use card readers to connect with the computer
⚬ Used in Digital Cameras, Mobile Phones, etc.
⚬ SD Card (Secure Digital Card) , Micro SD Card
Von Neumann Basic structure
Software
• A set of instructions that
tells the computer what to
do.
• Intangible – Cannot touch or
see directly.
System System software is a set of instructions

Softwar
that acts as an intermediary between
computer hardware and application

e programs.
Operating Systems (OS)

• Examples: Windows, macOS, Linux

• Functions: Manages memory, processes, files, and hardware
devices.

Utility Programs (Supportive software for maintenance)

• Examples: Antivirus, Backup Software, Disk Cleanup.

Program Translators (Convert programming languages into machine

code)

• Examples: Compilers, Interpreters.

 Application
Software
• Designed to carry out operations for a specific application.
• The software for the user.
• Depends on System Software.

1. Custom Software (Tailor-made Software / Bespoke Software)

• A custom-made software solution is designed to your precise

needs and, as such will meet all your business requirements.

• Example: The KIU Student Registration System is customized to

KIU. It is different from the student registration software of other
universities.
2. General Purpose Software (Packaged Software)

• Can be used for a variety of tasks. It is not limited to one function. They provide

large no of features for its users.

• For example, a word processor could be classed as general-purpose software as

it would allow a user to write a novel, create a restaurant menu or even make a
poster.
• Perform similar functions.
• Bundled together as a set of software.
Test your knowledge! Scan the QR code to attempt the
quiz.
Thank You!!!
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