‫الجامعة السعودية االلكترونية‬

‫الجامعة السعودية االلكترونية‬

‫‪26/12/2021‬‬
College of Computing and
Informatics
Data Science Pre-Master Program
SCI 101
General Physics I
SCI 101 General Physics
Chapter 2 (Week 1 & 2)
Motion in one dimension
 Lecture Outlines
2.1 Position, velocity and speed of a particle
2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
2.7 Particles under constant acceleration
2.8 Freely Falling objects
Weekly Learning Outcomes

 Recall basic and derived physical quantities

 Differentiate distance and displacement, speed and velocity

 Understand motion with constant acceleration

 State freely falling motion and solve related problems

Required Reading
Chapter 2 Motion in One Dimension in Physics for scientists and
engineers with modern physics

Recommended Reading
Chapter 2 Motion Along a Straight Line in Principles of
Physics, 10th Edition. John Wiley & Sons
 Recommended Video
 Motion along one dimension https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=EhsEIRAImM8&list=PLkuVD5NmHtHfEUA4hNycY-YqPFEK5dugn&index=4

 Motion along straight line https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=EhsEIRAImM8&list=PLkuVD5NmHtHfEUA4hNycY-YqPFEK5dugn&index=3

This Presentation is mainly dependent on the textbook: Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis in Java by Mark Allen Weiss
Position, velocity and speed of a particle
Section 2.1
 Linear Speed

 Speed is a “scalar quantity” that does not include a

direction.

 I am running at 10 mph, but I do not tell you where – this is speed.

 Speed is my distance covered divided by the time it takes me

 Linear Speed

Average Speed
 It would take us a lot longer to drive downtown because of the
traffic where we have to slow, stop, start, accelerate, slow, stop,
etc.
 Therefore in planning a trip we think about average speed
 Average Velocity

Average Speed
Average Speed is the Total distance (d) covered divided by

the elapsed time (t).

Average speed=total distance/total time.

 Average Velocity

Average Velocity
Average Velocity is the Total Displacement d covered divided by

𝑣=
𝑑2−𝑑1
the elapsed time (t)

where ∆d =- is a vector
 Average Velocity
Example 2-1: Runner’s average velocity.
The position of a runner as a function of time is plotted as moving position
along the x axis of a coordinate system. During a 3.00-s time interval, the
runner’s position changes from x1 = 50.0 m to x2 = 30.5 m, as shown. What
was the runner’s average velocity?

Figure 2–1 : A person runs from

x1 = 50.0 m to x2 = 30.5 m
Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
Section 2.2
 Instantaneous Velocity
 The instantaneous velocity is the average velocity in the limit
as the time interval (∆t =-) becomes infinitesimally short.

 Ideally, a speedometer would measure instantaneous velocity; in fact, it

measures average velocity, but over a very short time interval.

∆𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑣 = 𝐿𝑖𝑚 =
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Car speedometer showing mi/h in

white, and km/h in orange.
 Instantaneous Velocity

 The instantaneous speed always

equals the magnitude of the
instantaneous velocity.
 It only equals the average velocity if
the velocity is constant.

Velocity of a car as a function of time:

(a) at constant velocity;
(b) with varying velocity
 Instantaneous Velocity

Remark :
 Going in a straight line at the same speed is called Constant Velocity.

 But if we change our speed (brake at a light) or our direction (turn a

corner) then we have a Changing Velocity
 Changing our speed or direction is Acceleration
 Acceleration

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. Acceleration is a vector = ∆v/ ∆t

 Acceleration
Example : A car accelerates along a straight road from rest to 180 km/h
in 25 s. Assuming uniform acceleration, find the magnitude of its average
acceleration?
First, we convert 180 km/h into the standard unit of m/s.
=
Therefore, the average acceleration is
given by
 Acceleration
Conceptual Example : Velocity and acceleration.
(a) If the instantaneous velocity of an object is zero, does it mean
that the acceleration is zero?
No, the acceleration can be non zero , even if the instantaneous
velocity is zero.
 Acceleration
Conceptual Example : Velocity and acceleration.
(b) If the acceleration is zero, does it mean that the velocity is zero?
Think of some examples.
No, because the object could move with a constant non-zero speed.
In this case its acceleration is zero even though it is still moving
 Linear Acceleration
 Acceleration is how quickly velocity changes

𝑣2 − 𝑣1
𝑎=
𝑡
 Linear Acceleration

Example :
What is the acceleration if we accelerate in a car from stop
to 60 m/s in 20 seconds?
 Acceleration
Example : Car slowing down.
An automobile is moving to the right along a straight highway, which we
choose to be the positive x axis. Then the driver puts on the brakes. If the
initial velocity (when the driver hits the brakes) is v1 = 15.0 m/s, and it takes
5.0 s to slow down to v2 = 5.0 m/s, what was the car’s average acceleration?

Notice that the average acceleration is negative

because it is in the negative x direction, and the
car is slowing down
 Acceleration
 There is a difference between negative acceleration and deceleration
 Negative acceleration is acceleration in the negative direction as defined
by the coordinate system.
 Deceleration occurs when the acceleration is opposite in direction to the
velocity.

The car now moving to the left and decelerating. The acceleration is +2.0
m/s.
 Acceleration
The instantaneous acceleration is the average acceleration in the limit as
the time interval becomes infinitesimally short.
∆𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑎 = 𝐿𝑖𝑚 =
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 Acceleration

A graph of velocity v vs. time t. The average acceleration over a time interval Δt = t2 – t1
is the slope of the straight line P1P2: aavg = Δv/ Δt. The instantaneous acceleration at time
t1 is the slope of the v vs. t curve at that instant.
 Acceleration

Example : A particle is moving in a straight line so that its position is

given by the relation X(t) = (2.10 m/s2)t2 + (2.80 m).
Calculate (a) its average acceleration during the time interval from t1 = 3.00 s
to t2 = 5.00 s
 Acceleration
(b) its instantaneous acceleration as a function of time.

Graphs of (a) x vs. t, (b) v vs. t, and (c) a vs. t for the motion x = At2 + B. Note that increases linearly with and that the
acceleration a is constant. Also, v is the slope of the x vs. t curve, whereas a is the slope of the v vs. t curve.
Particles under constant acceleration
Section 2.7
 Motion at Constant Acceleration
The average velocity of an object during a time interval t is

∆𝑥 𝑥− 𝑥0
𝑣= =
∆𝑡 𝑡 − 𝑡0

The acceleration, assumed constant, is

𝑣 − 𝑣0
𝑎=
𝑡 − 𝑡0
 Motion at Constant Acceleration
In addition, as the velocity is increasing at a constant rate, we know that

𝑣0 + 𝑣
𝑣=
2
Combining these last three equations, we find:

We can also combine these equations so as to eliminate t :

 Motion at Constant Acceleration
We now have all the equations we need to solve constant-acceleration
problems.
 Acceleration
Example : An object travels along the positive x-axis starting from rest at
a constant acceleration of 2 m/s2 . How long does it take the object to travel a
distance of 36 m ?

Notice that we have,

= 0, =2 m/ = 36 m and =?
We can use the following equation:

Substituting in the above equation yields

 Acceleration

Therefore, the object needs 6 seconds to travel the required distance.

 Acceleration
Example : The velocity of a body, during certain time interval, increases
from 20 m/s to 30 m/s due to an acceleration of 2 m/. Find the displacement
of the body during this period of time.

Notice that we have,

=20 m/s, =30 m/s, =2 m/ and = ?
We can use the following equation:

Substituting in the above equation yields

 Acceleration

Therefore, the displacement of the body is 125 m

Freely Falling Objects
Section 2.8
 Freely Falling Objects
 Near the surface of the Earth, all objects experience approximately the
same acceleration due to gravity.

 This is one of the most common examples

of motion with constant acceleration.

Multi-flash photograph of a falling apple, at equal

time intervals. The apple falls farther during each
successive interval, which means it is accelerating.
 Freely Falling Objects
 The acceleration due to gravity at the
Earth’s surface is approximately 9.80
m/s2 downword.
 At a given location on the Earth and in
the absence of air resistance, all objects
fall with the same constant acceleration.

A rock and a feather are dropped simultaneously

(a) in air, (b) in a vacuum.
Freely Falling Objects
Example : Falling from a tower.
Suppose that a ball is dropped (v0 = 0) from a
tower 70.0 m high. How far will it have fallen
after a time t1 = 1.00 s, t2 = 2.00 s, and t3 = 3.00 s?
Ignore air resistance.
We can use the following equation:
+t+ a

++ g
(
4.9
Freely Falling Objects

Hence, after t1 = 1.00 s, we have

y()=y(1.00)=4.9=4.90 m

Also, after t2 = 2.00 s, we have

y()= y(2.00)=4.9=19.6 m

Finally, after t3 = 3.00 s, we have

y()= y(3)=4.9=44.1 m
 Freely Falling Objects
Example : Consider a ball thrown upward with initial velocity of 15 m/s,
and make more calculations. Calculate
(a) how much time it takes for the ball to reach the maximum height
Notice that when the ball reaches its maximum height, its velocity becomes zero.
Hence, we have
2
𝑣 0 =15 𝑚/ 𝑠 , 𝑣 =0 , 𝑎=− 𝑔=− 9.8 𝑚/ 𝑠

We can use the following equation:

+
-
 Freely Falling Objects

Thus,
Therefore, the object will reach its maximum height after 1.53 seconds.
 Freely Falling Objects
b) Find the maximum height of the ball

1 2
y  y0  v0t  at
2
1
y 0  15(1.53)  (  9.8)(1.53) 2
2
y 11.48m
 Freely Falling Objects

c) Determine the velocity of the ball when it returns to the thrower’s hand
(point C).

Notice that the initial and final position of the ball is zero so we have
 Freely Falling Objects
Example : For a ball thrown upward at an initial speed of 15.0 m/s, calculate
at what time t the ball passes a point 8.00 m above the person’s hand.
 Freely Falling Objects

Therefore, there are two solutions:

t = 0.69 s and t = 2.37 s.
The first is the ball going up and the second is the ball coming back down.

Graphs of (a) y vs. t, (b) v vs. t for a ball thrown upward,

 Freely Falling Objects
Example : Suppose that a ball is thrown upward at a speed of 15.0 m/s
by a person standing on the edge of a cliff, so that the ball can fall to the
base of the cliff 50.0 m below.
How long does it take the ball to reach the base of the cliff?
To obtain the value of t we use the following equation:
1 2
𝑦 = 𝑦 0 +𝑣 0 𝑡 + 𝑎 𝑡
2
By substitution in the above equation we obtain

Re-arranging above equation gives

,
 Freely Falling Objects
which can be solved by the following quadratic formula

By substituting the values in the above quadratic formula we obtain

Which implies that

So we have two values for t, either or sec
 Freely Falling Objects
But since time cannot be negative we take only the positive
solution
Therefore, the ball reaches the base of the cliff after 5.07 seconds.
Thank
You