WIRELESS

MOBILE
NETWORKS LTE
 Date From To Duration hr
Sat LTE Introduction
25/1/2025 LTE Architecture
5 pm 9 pm 4
Mon LTE OFDMA / MIMO
27/1/2025
5 pm 9 pm 4
Wen LTE idle / connected
29/1/2025 mode
5 pm 9 pm 4
Sat LTE channels+ LTE
Advanced
TIMELINE 1/2/2025
5 pm 9 pm 4
Mon CSFB / VoLTE
3/2/2025
5 pm 9 pm 4
Mon Mobile Networks KPIs
10/2/2025
5 pm 9 pm 4
Wen Mobile Networks KPIs
12/2/2025
5 pm 9 pm 4
2
LTE

• Motivation
• LTE Network structure
• LTE related technologies (OFDM-MIMO
• Air interface (Resource block,…
• LTE Channels
• LTE protocol stack (physical layer)
• LTE procedure (Registration- Data flow- Mobility management-…..)
• VoLTE
3
1ST CONTENT

• Motivation and Introduction

• Frequency band
• LTE Network Architecture
• Air (Radio) Interface
• OFDM

4
HISTORY

• G. Marconi created the first wireless communication transmission in 1897.

• First Mobile wireless communication appeared in 1930’s.
• The first mobile phone, with a maximum capacity of three simultaneous calls, was
formally introduced by AT&T in Saint-Louis, Missouri, in 1964.
• Cellular system: Replacing the single high power transmitter with several low power
transmission each with a coverage of a small portion.
• The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is an umbrella term for a number of
standards organizations which develop protocols for mobile telecommunications.
• As long as identical frequencies are sufficiently spaced from one another, frequency
reuse in another cell is possible.
5
3GPP RELEASES

6
WHY NEW TECHNOLOGY IS NEEDED??

• Multimedia data, IP-TV, multimedia streaming, HD video content, internet

gaming, and VR applications are growing in popularity.
• Growth in the market for smartphones.
• New IP applications: New intelligent applications like M2M, cameras, and
consumer electronics are all moving toward communication via the IP
protocol.
• The wireless industry is extremely competitive. The winner will be the
provider of the service with the lowest per-byte cost.
• Due to simple architecture, system has low operational expense (OPEX).
7
WHY LTE??

• Coexistence and networking with other standards.

• Reduced cost per Megabyte: To be commercially competitive.
• High overall capacity and spectral efficiency for the same bandwidth.
• Ability to replace existing systems and reuse the cell sites and
transmission equipment (2G and 3G systems).
• Single IP packet for voice and data.
• Support self organization and configuration to reduce installation and
configuration cost.
8
LTE BENEFIT

• Rate: 100 Mbps for downlink and 50 Mbps for uplink (4 times HSPA).
• Latency should be kept less than 10 ms.
• LTE can be deployed in different spectrum like 900 MHZ and 1800
MHz.
• Flexible bandwidth: LTE supports 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHZ channel
bandwidths.
• Supports TDD and FDD.

9
 TECHNOLOGIES AND GENERATION
Main
Standard Year Bandwidth Max data rate Technology
Service
Pre GSM Voice No standard NA FM/FDMA

GSM (2G) 1990 Voice 200 kHz 9.6 kbps GMSK/TDMA

GPRS (2.5G) 1997 Data 200 kHz 80 kbps GMSK/TDMA

EDGE (2.5G) 1998 Data 200 kHz 240 kbps GMSK & 8PSK/TDMA
WCDMA (3G)
2000 Voice & Data 5 MHz 2 Mbps QPSK/CDMA
Release 99
HSPA+ (3.5G) DL: 42 Mbps
2007 Data only 5 MHz Up to 64QAM/CDMA
Release 7 UL: 11 Mbps
LTE (4G) 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 DL up to 100 Mbps Up to 64QAM OFDMA &
2008 Voice & data
Release 8 &20 MHz UL up to 50 Mbps SCFDMA with MIMO
5 LTE bands Up to 64QAM OFDMA &
LTE-A (4.5G) DL up to 1Gbps
2011 Voice & Data aggregation, up SCFDMA with MIMO & carrier
10
Release 10 UL up to 500 Mbps
to 100 MHz aggregation
 LTE ROADMAP

11
https://www.telit.com/resources/whitepapers/lte-evolution-standardization-and-deployment/
 Parameters Description
Frequency range UMTS FDD bands and TDD bands
Duplexing FDD, TDD, half-duplex FDD
Mobility 350 km/h
Channel Bandwidth (MHz) 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
Transmission Bandwidth
Configuration NRB : (1 6 15 25 50 75 100
resource block = 180kHz in
1ms TTI )

Modulation Schemes UL: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM(optional)

DL: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
BASIC Multiple Access Schemes UL: SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division
Multiple Access) supports 50Mbps+ (20MHz
PARAMETER spectrum)
DL: OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple
Access) supports 100Mbps+ (20MHz spectrum)
Peak data rate in LTE UL: 75Mbps(20MHz bandwidth)
DL: 150Mbps(UE Category 4, 2x2 MIMO, 20MHz
bandwidth)
DL: 300Mbps(UE category 5, 4x4 MIMO, 20MHz
bandwidth)
MIMO UL: 1 x 2, 1 x 4
(Multiple Input Multiple DL: 2 x 2, 4 x 2, 4 x 4
Output)
Coverage 5 - 100km with slight degradation after 30km
QoS E2E QOS allowing prioritization of different
12 class of
service
Latency End-user latency < 10mS
 HOW FREQUENCY
BAND WORTHY
•https://www.tra.gov.eg/en/ntra-allocates-ne
w-frequencies-to-orange-egypt-via-tdd-withi
n-2600-band-for-usd-440-million/
•https://mcit.gov.eg/en/Media_Center/Press_
Room/Press_Releases/53089

13
FREQUENCY BANDS
• L900, L1800,… for LTE in
these bands

14
TRANSMISSION MODES

FDD TDD

15
FLEXIBLE BANDWIDTH

• LTE specified for bandwidth 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 or 20 Mhz

16
 LTE NETWORK
ARCHITECTURE
• Three main components:
• The User Equipment (UE).
• The Evolved UMTS
Terrestrial Radio Access
Network (E-UTRAN).
• The Evolved Packet Core
(EPC).
17
THE USER EQUIPMENT (UE)

• Terminal Equipment (TE) : This terminates the data streams.

• Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC) : This is also known
as the SIM card for LTE equipment. It runs an application
known as the Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM).
• A USIM stores user-specific data very similar to 3G SIM card.
This keeps information about the user's phone number, home
network identity and security keys etc.
18
EVOLVED NODEB (ENB)

• Consist of three major elements:

• The antennas
• Radio modules
• Digital modules (System module)
• Many vendors use an optical connection between the radio module
and the digital module
• And connection to core can be fiber, Coaxial or Microwave
• eNBs are connected via X2 interface
19
EVOLVED NODEB (ENB) FUNCTIONS

• OFDM Modulator • Handover decision

• SC-FDMA De-modulator • Admission Control
• Channel coding • Scheduler
• RF Functions • Measurement collection and
• Segmentation evaluation

• Framing • Ciphering
20
EVOLVED PACKET CORE (EPC) (THE CORE
NETWORK)
• Serving Gateway (SGW): interface between RAN and core network.
• Manages mobility between different eNode-B and even other 3GPP
networks. Performs tasks related to network and transport layer including
packet routing and forwarding for downlink and uplink and downlink data
buffering.
• Packet Data Network Gateway (PGW): gateway of EPC with other packet
networks.
• Controls the IP allocation, policy enforcement (operator defined resource
allocation), packet filtering and charging.
21
EVOLVED PACKET CORE (EPC) (THE CORE
NETWORK)
• Mobility Management Entity (MME): responsible for signaling and control to
manage user mobility and handover.
• Additional tasks related to security include providing temporary identities for UEs,
negotiation with Home subscriber Services, ciphering and integrity protection.
• The Home Subscriber Server (HSS) component has been carried forward from
UMTS and GSM and is a central database that contains information about all the
network operator's subscribers. HSS=HLR+AuC.
• Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF): interfaces with the PGW and support
service data flow detection and flow-based charging.

22
ACTUAL NETWORK

23
RADIO AIR
I N T E R FA C E

24
MULTIPLE ACCESS METHODS

25
MULTIPATH FADING

26
MULTIPATH FADING

27
INTER-SYMBOL
INTERFERENC Frequency
E (ISI) selective channel

28
INTER-SYMBOL INTERFERENCE
(ISI)
• Use low data rate with delay

29
OFDM

• OFDM is short for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing.

• Converts a wideband frequency selective fading channel into
a parallel collection of narrowband frequency flat sub-
channels
• Reduces the computation complexity associated with high
data-rate transmission over frequency selective channel

30
OFDM

• BW efficient

31
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGONALITY

32
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGONALITY

33
OFDM IMPLEMENTATION

34
35
CYCLIC PREFIX

• Normal Tcp = 4.67µsec

• Extended Tcp = 16.67µsec

36
OFDM

• OFDM Advantages
• OFDM is almost completely resistant to multi-path interference due to very long symbol
duration.
• Higher spectral efficiency for wideband channels.
• Flexible spectrum utilization.
• Relatively simple implementation using FFT and IFFT.

• OFDM Disadvantages
• Frequency errors and phase noise can cause issues.
• Doppler shift impacts subcarrier orthogonality.
• Some OFDM systems can suffer from high PAPR.
• Required accurate frequency and time synchronization.
37
 PEAK TO AVERAGE POWER RATIO (PAPR)
• The transmitted power is the
sum of power of subcarriers
• Because of number of
subcarriers the peak to
average power ratio will
increase
• Solution: well designed Power
amplifier but it does not
applicable for UE 38
SC-FDMA

• High PAPR requires expensive and inefficient power amplifiers

with high requirements on linearity, which increases the cost of
the terminal and drains the battery faster.
• Advantage
• Low PAPR

• Disadvantage
• Low data rate
• Suffer from selective fading
39
OFDM

40
OFDM

• https://www.sharetechnote.com/html/Handbook_LTE_PhyPara
meter_DL_FDD.html#Sampling_Rate

41
LTE FRAME
STRUCTURE • One frame = 10 subframes, 1 ms each
• One Subframe = 2 slots
• One slot = 6 or 7 OFDM symbols each
• FDD and TDD frames specified
• FDD: Pair of bands needed for UL and DL
• TDD: One band needed for UL and DL and
configurable DL/UL ratio

42
TDD FRAME CONFIGURATIONS

43
RESOURCE BLOCK

44
RESOURCE BLOCK

45
REFERENCE SIGNAL

46
 MODULATION REVIEW
Modulatio Number of bits
n per symbol
BPSK 1
QPSK 2
16QAM 4
64QAM 6
256QAM 8

47
RADIO RESOURCE SHARING

• Resource element = carrier = 1 symbol = 66µsec x 15kHz

• Subfram = 1msec = 2 RB = hear beat of LTE
• Transport block (bits) : amount of Data to transmit for UE
allocated on RBs
• Size depends on MCS (Modulation and Coding Scheme) is used
CALCULATION DL PEAK RATE

• 1 RB = 7 Symbols x 12 Subcarriers = 84 -4 = 80 RE
• BW= 20 MHz -> 100 RB
• 1sec -> 2,000 Slot
• Rate = 100 x 80 x 2,000 = 16,000,000
• For 256QAM modulation = 8 bit
• Rate = 16,000,000 x 8 = 128 Mbps
49
CALCULATION UL PEAK RATE

• 1 RB = 7 Symbols x 12 Subcarriers = 84 -12 = 72 RE

• BW= 10 MHz -> 50 RB
• 1sec -> 2,000 Slot
• Rate = 50 x 72 x 2,000 = 7,200,000
• For 16QAM modulation = 4 bit
• Rate = 7,200,000 x 4 = 28,8 Mbps
50
OFDM VS OFDMA

51
OFDMA VS SC-FDMA
CHANNEL CODING

• CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) for error detection

• Channel Coding for Error Correction
• Repetition Coding
• Block Coding.
• Tail Biting Convolutional Coding.
• Turbo Coding.
• Viterbi Decoding

53
MIMO

• Improve transmission reliability

• Increased transmission throughput
• Greater coverage of Range

54
SIMO MISO

MIMO
55
MIMO

• Exits in DL only in LTE: 1, 2 or 4 antennas

• Two types of MIMO are defined in LTE:
• Transmit Diversity: to reduce BER
• Spatial Multiplexing: to increase data rate at the cost of BER
• All control channels use Transmit Diversity

56
MIMO

TRANSMIT DIVERSITY SPATIAL MULTIPLEXING

• One code word only • Layer mapping distribute
• Layer mapping simply modulation symbols on
distributes modulation layers
symbols on antennas

57
MIMO SPATIAL MULTIPLEXING

• Precoding Matrix multiplies layer mapping output

• eNodeB Selects Precoding matrix: open loop, or closed loop
• Closed loop:
• UE estimates channel gain matrix
• UE requests a matrix that minimizes inter-antenna interference
• Open loop (large delay cyclic delay diversity):
• eNodeB loops over 4 matrices
• Matrices designed to cause a cyclic shift to each antenna output
58
PROTOCOL STACK

59
 LTE PROTOCOL STACKS
• Figure 1 : C-plane Figure 2 : C-plane Protocol Stack:
Protocol Stack: Uu X2-C (eNB/eNB)
(UE/eNB) and S1-C
(eNB/MME)

Figure 3 : U-plane Protocol Stack: Uu (UE/eNB) andFigure 4 : U-plane Protocol Stack:

S1-U (eNB/S-GW) X2-U (eNB/eNB)

60
ADDRESSING

• Needs to be short because it uses frequently each 1msec

• Task is identifying terminals within a given cell
• RNTI: Radio Network Temporary ID is 16bit ( 65000 UE/ cell)
6
• eNB identify a new arrival terminal with RNTI
5
• Allocation on DL Allocation table
4
3
RB number RNTI
2
1-4 63
1
5-6 59
 ADDRESSING
• Allocation in UL
• The problem is eNB cannot
know when UEs will send
• UE sends request then eNB
allocate Resources after
4ms
• So UE sends control in
certain frequency

62
 UE eNB

SENDING MESSAGE Send Data

ACK
• There is 3 possibilities
Send Data
• Automatic Repeat reQuest ARQ mechanism
NACK
is used
Retransmission
• UE waits 4ms for ACK
ACK
• For efficient system UE send parallel
Send Data
instead of waiting
• MAC layer can handle this task
Retransmission
• Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) is used in LTE which is
ACK
MAC and PHY will cooperate
HARQ

24-Dec-11
QOS QUALITY OF SERVICE

• What if applications don’t have the same requirements

• RLC layer provides features for each app
• It apply QoS which it is the capability of Network to give app a level of
service corresponding to their needs
• RLC do segmentation, Apply QoS
• Modes
• AM ACK mode like web browsing
• UM unACK mode like VOIP
• TM transparent mode like RRC
QOS QUALITY OF SERVICE
QOS QUALITY OF SERVICE
QCI (QOS CLASS IDENTIFIERS)

• Quality of service class identifiers (also called QCI values) indicate how
traffic is handled on LTE networks
• Most data use is associated with QCI values between 6 and 9. In that
range, lower QCI values are associated with higher priority service on a
given network.
• QCI determines which bearers are categorized as Guaranteed Bit Rate
(GBR level 1-4) and which as Non-Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR level 5-9).
The priority associated with each QCI is applied when forwarding packets
across the LTE network.
 Resource Priorit Packet Delay Packet Error
LTE QCI Example Services
Type y Budget Loss Rate
QCI-1 2 100ms 10-2 Conversational voice
live streaming of conversational
QCI-2 4 150ms voice
10-3
QCI-3 GBR 3 50ms Real time gaming

Non conversational
QCI-4 5 300ms
video(Buffered streaming)

QCI-5 1 100ms 10-6 IMS signalling

Video (buffered streaming),TCP

QCI-6 6 300ms
based applications

Non-GBR Voice, video (live streaming) ,

QCI-7 7 100ms 10-3
interactive gaming

QCI-8 8
Video (Buffered streaming) , TCP
300ms 10-6
QCI-9 9 based applications
RANDOM ACCESS

• Contention • Reservation
• Resources allocation to each sender
• Everyone can transmit any
• Like LTE
time
• UE in UL to allocate resources make
• ACK Contention

• Collision • Random access is PRACH in 6RB

every 20ms by CDMA with 64
• Like WiFi sequences
RANDOM ACCESS

UE eNB
1) Select seq. and 2) Determine parameter
send RA-RNTI assigns RNTI
RA send seq

Send RNTI using RA-RNTI

Connection request RRC

RRC response using TMSI

PROTOCOL STACK

• PDCP: Packet Data Convergence Protocol

• Header compression
• In Sequence delivery at handover
• Duplicate detection
• Ciphering for user/control plane
• Integrity protection for control plane

• RLC: Radio Link Control

• ARQ
• (Re-)segmentation
• Concatenation
• In-Sequence Delivery
• Rate matching
72
PROTOCOL STACK

• RRC: Radio Resource Control

• Broadcasting, paging
• Radio bearer control
• Mobility function
• UE measurement control
• QoS management functions

• NAS: Non Access Stratum

• EPS bearer management
• ECM_IDLE mobility handling
• Security control and Authentication
• Mobility management and Area update
• Registration and Detach
73
PROTOCOL STACK

• Physical layer L1
• Modulation & De-modulation
• OFDMA processing and SC-FDMA inverse processing
• Radio characteristics measurements and indication to higher layers
• MIMO antenna processing

• MAC layer
• Transport format selection
• Mapping logical channels into transport channels
• Error correction through HARQ
• Priority handling between logical channels of one UE
• Priority handling between UEs
74
PROTOCOL STACK

75
PROTOCOL STACK

76
IDENTIFIERS
THE MOBILE EQUIPMENT ID

• The international mobile equipment identity (IMEI) is a unique identity for the
mobile equipment
• The International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) is a unique identity for the UICC
and the USIM.
• The M temporary mobile subscriber identity (M-TMSI) identifies a mobile to its
serving MME. Adding the MME code in M-TMSI results in a S temporary mobile
subscriber identity (S-TMSI), which identifies the mobile within an MME pool area.
• Finally adding the MME group identity and the PLMN identity with S-TMSI results in
the Globally Unique Temporary Identity (GUTI).

78
GUTI -GLOBALLY UNIQUE TEMPORARY

• M-TMSI: MME Temp. Mobile Subscriber Identity

• GUMMEI: Globally Unique MME Identity
• MMEI: MME Identifier
• MMEGI: MME Group Identity
• MMEC: MME Code

79
LTE UE
CATEGORY &
CLASS
DEFINITIONS
• As the LTE category
defines the overall
performance and the
capabilities of the UE, it is
possible for the eNB to
communicate using
capabilities that it knows
the UE possesses. 80
THE TRACKING AREA IDS

• The tracking area code (TAC) identifies a tracking area within

a particular network and if we combining this with the PLMN-
ID then we arrive at a Globally Unique Tracking Area Identity
(TAI).

81
THE CELL IDS

• Each cell in the network has three types of identity.

• The E-UTRAN cell identity (ECI) identifies a cell within a
particular network, while the E-UTRAN cell global identifier
(ECGI) identifies a cell anywhere in the world.
• The physical cell identity (PCI), which is a number from 0 to
503 and it distinguishes a cell from its immediate neighbors.

82
TUNNEL ENDPOINT ID TEID

• Each connection between node for a service create Tunnel

• Each tunnel has 2 TEID at each end
• Receiver allocates its TEID and put into GTP message
• Steps
1- Node A choose unique TEID for tunnel
2- Setup a tunnel
3- Node B choose a unique TEID for its side and stores received TEID of link
4- Node B send ACK
5- Node A stores Node A TEID
83
FREQUENCY ID EARFCN

• LTE EARFCN stands for E-UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number.
EARFCN number is within range 0 to 65535.

• NDL = downlink EARFCN

• NUL = uplink EARFCN
• NDLoffset = offset used to calculate downlink EARFCN
• NULoffset = offset used to calculate uplink EARFCN
84
MANAGEMENT OF DATA
FLOW
HOW TO DATA PACKET BE
TRANSMITTED TO TERMINAL?
DATA MANAGEMENT

• Fixed Network is IP network, so IP of source and distention

are required for 2 communicated devices
• Encapsulation: put the user IP in another IP packets
UE RNTI eNB eNB IP SGW SGW IP PGW Server
address address

UE ID UE ID UE ID UE ID
Data Data Data Data

Transport
Block 86
 Route
r

Route
Route r
r

PGW
eNB
Rout
SGW
er

Route
Router r

SG PG
eNB TunnelW TunnelW
87
DATA MANAGEMENT
• UDP is used between SGW and PGW due to reliability links
• GTP is GPRS tunneling Protocol is a group of IP-based
communications protocols used to carry general packet radio
service (GPRS) within GSM, UMTS, LTE and 5G NR radio networks.
• GTP-U is used for carrying user data within the GPRS core network
and between the radio access network and the core network. The
user data transported can be packets in any of IPv4, IPv6, or PPP
formats.
88
DATA MANAGEMENT

• Control plane: containing all protocols, mechanisms and

messages that enable the configuration of network elements
• Ex attachment, security, mobility management
• NAS protocol contains
• EMM: Evolved Mobility Management
• ESM: Evolved Session Management
89
 CONTROL PLANE
ESM ESM
EMM EMM
RCC RCC S1-AP S1-AP GTP-C GTP-C
PDCP PDCP SCTP SCTP UDP UDP
RLC RLC IP IP IP IP
MAC MAC L2 L2 L2 L2
PHY PHY L1 L1 L1 L1
UE eNB MME SGW

 Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is a relatively new transport

layer to improve LTE and data transfer as a whole
90
 USER PLANE

IP IP IP
GTP-U GTP-U GTP-U GTP-C L2
PDCP PDCP UDP UDP UDP UDP
RLC RLC IP IP IP IP
MAC MAC L2 L2 L2 L2 L1
PHY PHY L1 L1 L1 L1
UE eNB SGW PGW Server

91
USER PLANE

• Each tunnel and bearer

ID by pair of TEID

92
ATTACH AND DETACH

• When terminal is powered up, it requests the establishment

of tunnel for IP connection
• Terminal sends EPS connectivity request
• Initial state
• EMM deregistered state -> UE does not reachable ( power off,
air plan mode)

93
AT TA C H

94
UE eNB MME SGW PGW
EMM attach req (GUTI1)
ESM PDN Req. IPxv
Analysis IPxv & APN to determine
SGW and PGW selection
GTP-C session Req.
(IMSI, Ipvx, APN)
GTP-C session Req.
(IMSI, Ipvx, APN)
DHCP
GTP-C Resp. IP add.
GTP-C Resp. IP add.
Choose GUTI2
EMM attach accept (GUTI2, ESM activate) EPS Bearer
Store GUTI2 and
IP
EMM attach complete
GTP-c bearer request
95
GTP-c bearer
response
S1 Bearer
D E TA C H

96
UE eNB MME SGW PGW HSS
Radio Bearer S1 bearer
RRC UL info and
EMM detach requ.
S1-AP release EMM detach requ
Release the
context
GTP-C Req.

GTP-C Req.
GTP-C Resp.
GTP-C Resp.
S1-AP release
Release RNTI
Release Radio
Release complete
97
Notification request
Notification response
 SUMMARY OF STATES
ESM ESM
Idle Connected
EMM UE not connected
Deregister No IP
No RNTI
EMM Connected with IP connected with IP
Register No RNTI RNTI
Standby (inactive) Active mode
mode
98
SUMMARY OF STATES

99
 UE
TRIGGERED
SERVICE
REQ.
PROCEDURE

100
UE eNB MME SGW PG
W
Data S5/S8 Bearer
transmit
Random access (RA-RNTI,
RNTI)
RRC Req. (TMSI)
RRC setup
EMM Req (KSI)
S1-AP(TMSI, KSI, CID)
Verify
auth.
S1- AP E-RAB setup list
RRC ReConfig E-RAB setup list
Choose TEID
E-RAB setup complete
GTP-C modify Bearer (TEID)
101
Choose TEID
Response
 N E T W O R K
T R I G G E R E D
S E R V I C E
R E Q .
P R O C E D U R E

102
UE eNBs MME SGW PGW
S5/S8 bearer IP
packets
GTP-U IP
packets
Bufferin
g
GTP-C DL notification
GTP-C DL notification
ACK
S1 Paging TMSI
RRC paging TMSI
UE triggered Service Request procedure
Radio Bearer S1 Bearer S5/S8 Bearer
establish
103
TERMINOLOGY BETWEEN LTE AND 3G

104
105
HANDOVER

106
LTE HANDOVER (HO) TYPES

• Intra eNB HO
• Inter eNB HO with X2 interface
• Inter eNB HO without X2 interface, S1 based HO

107
PRINCIPLES

• DL packets are forwarded from the source cell to the target

cell
• Target cell is selected by the network
• HO control in E-UTRAN
• Measurements are collected by UE and reported to the
network
• Only once the HO is successful, the core is involved
108
HO WITH X2

109
HO WITH X2

110
MIMO

111
MIMO

• Improve transmission reliability

• Increased transmission throughput
• Greater coverage of Range

112
MIMO

• Exits in DL only in LTE: 1, 2 or 4 antennas

• Two types of MIMO are defined in LTE:
• Transmit Diversity: to reduce BER
• Spatial Multiplexing: to increase data rate at the cost of BER
• All control channels use Transmit Diversity

113
MIMO

TRANSMIT DIVERSITY SPATIAL MULTIPLEXING

• One code word only • Layer mapping distribute
• Layer mapping simply modulation symbols on
distributes modulation layers
symbols on antennas

114
 MIMO

Number Number Number

of of code of layers
Antenna words
s
2 or 4 1 1
2 or 4 2 2
4 1 2
4 2 3
4 2 4
115
MIMO SPATIAL MULTIPLEXING

• Precoding Matrix multiplies layer mapping output

• eNodeB Selects Precoding matrix: open loop, or closed loop
• Closed loop:
• UE estimates channel gain matrix
• UE requests a matrix that minimizes inter-antenna interference
• Open loop (large delay cyclic delay diversity):
• eNodeB loops over 4 matrices
• Matrices designed to cause a cyclic shift to each antenna output
116
MIMO SPATIAL MULTIPLEXING

• UE measures channel Matrix H

• G is selected on many possible criteria:
• Minimum Mean Squared Error in xest
• Maximum SNR of xest
• Points of ongoing research

117
MATHEMATICAL
MIMO

118
119
120
TRANSMISSION
Transmission modes
MODES
Discription
1 Single port
2 Transmit diversity
3 Open loop codebook based pre-coding
4 Closed loop spatial multiplexing codebook based pre-
coding
5 Multiuser MIMO
6 Single layer special case of closed loop codebook based
pre-coding
7 Release 8 non codebook based pre-coding supporting only
single layer, based on beamforming
8 release 9 non codebook based pre-coding supporting upto
2 layers.
9 release 10 non codebook based pre-coding supporting
121
upto 8 layers
SU-MIMO

• Single User MIMO all the streams of antenna arrays are

focused on single user.
• Advantages : No interference

122
MU-MIMO

• Multi User MIMO, multiple streams are focused on multi

users.
• This increases system capacity and user perceived
throughput

123
DAY 2 REVIEW

• Identifiers
• Procedures
• MIMO

124
DAY 3 CONTENT

• Physical Channels (Downlink and Uplink)

• Carrier Aggregation
• Lab Physical Channels on MATLAB

125
LTE COMMUNICATION CHANNELS

• LTE uses several different types of logical, transport and physical channel
• Logical Channels : Define what type of information is transmitted over the air.
Data and signaling messages are carried on logical channels between the RLC
and MAC protocols.
• Transport Channels : Define how is something transmitted over the air. Data and
signaling messages are carried on transport channels between the MAC and the
physical layer.
• Physical Channels : Define where is something transmitted over the air,. Data
and signalling messages are carried on physical channels between the different
levels of the physical layer.
126
CHANNELS MAPPING

127
DOWNLINK CHANNELS & SIGNALS

• Downlink Channels:
• Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
• Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
• Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
• Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
• Physical HARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)

• Downlink Signals:
• Cell Specific Reference Signals
• Primary Sync Signal
• Secondary Sync Signal
24-Dec-11
 PHYSICAL DOWNLINK SHARED CHANNEL
• PDSCH carries user data in DL
• Employs OFDMA
• New Resource Blocks allocated each subframe
• Allocation in pairs of RBs, equal per slot
• Allocation in 3 possible types: 0, 1 or 2
• Allocated Resource Blocks may or may not be physically adjacent
• Type 0 = adjacent RBs
• Type 1 = non-adjacent RBs
• Resource blocks in slot 0 and slot 1 may not be at the same subcarriers
• Type 2 = different RB bands in the 2 slots
• MIMO: Transmit Diversity or Spatial Multiplexing
• One or two DL code words:
129
• For same UE or for DL MU-MIMO
 ALLOCATION TYPES
• Type 0: Best used when allocation is
channel optimized
• Type 1: RBs are distributed in frequency
to gain frequency diversity
• Type 2: Allocation is pseudo-random in
each slot to gain frequency diversity and
randomize interference

130
 CHANNEL OPTIMIZED ALLOCATION
• Example type 2
• Allocation changes per
subframe
• User scheduled in RBs for
which its channel gain is high

131
PDSCH TRANSMITTER PROCESSING

132
PHYSICAL DOWNLINK CONTROL CHANNEL

• Occupies the first 1, 2, 3 or 4 OFDM symbols in each subframe

• In TDD, can use the first 2 symbols in signaling slot (DwPTS)
• PDCCH carries Downlink Control Information (DCI) for each UE
• Different DCI Formats are available to deliver different control information to UE
• Delivers information to UE about its DL and UL allocation, modulation, coding and
all needed parameters
• CRC scrambled by the addressed UE identity
• Employs MIMO transmit diversity only

133
DCI Format
DCI Usage Major Contents
Format 0 UL Grant. Resource Allocation for UL Data RB Assignment,TPC,PUSCH Hopping Flag
Format 1 DL Assignment for SISO RB Assignment,TPC, HARQ
Format 1A DL Assignment for SISO (compact) RB Assignment,TPC, HARQ
Format 1A Triggering RACH in Connected States PRACH Sequence Index
Format 1B DL Assignment for MIMO with Rank 1 RB Assignment,TPC, HARQ,TPMI, PMI
Format 1C DL Assignment for SISO (minimum size) RB Assignment
Format 1D DL Assignment for Multi User MIMO RB Assignment,TPC, HARQ,TPMI,DL Power Offset
Format 2 DL Assignment for Closed Loop MIMO RB Assignment,TPC, HARQ, Precoding Information
Format 2A DL Assignment for Open Loop MIMO RB Assignment,TPC, HARQ, Precoding Information
Format 2B DL Assignment for TM8 (Dual Layer Beamforming) RB Assignment,TPC, HARQ, Precoding Information
Format 2C DL Assignment for TM9 RB Assignment,TPC, HARQ, Precoding Information
TPC Commands for PUCCH and PUSCH with 2 bit
Format 3 Power Control Only
power adjustment
TPC Commands for PUCCH and PUSCH with 1 bit
Format 3A Power Control Only
power adjustment
134
Format 4 UL Assignment for UL MIMO (up to 4 layers) RB Assignment,TPC, HARQ, Precoding Information
PDCCH TRANSMITTER PROCESSING

135
PHYSICAL BROADCAST CHANNEL
(PBCH)
TRANSMITTER PROCESSING
• BCH 24 bits carries system parameters (BW, number of
antennas, frame number, etc.)
• Continuously sent on center 72 subcarriers of 4 OFDM
symbols on slot 1 of subframe 0
• Fits in smallest LTE bandwidth
• One message takes 4 frames to transmit

136
PBCH

137
 PHYSICAL CONTROL FORMAT
INDICATOR CHANNEL (PCFICH)
• PCFICH is present in the first OFDM symbol of each subframe
• CFI indicates the number of OFDM symbols of the Control
Region: 1, 2, 3 or 4
• Larger control region to control more UEs
• Control Region includes:
• PCFICH (in first OFDM symbol)
• PDCCH
• PHICH
138
PCFICH TRANSMITTER PROCESSING

139
PHYSICAL HARQ INDICATOR
CHANNEL (PHICH)
• For each UE transmitting in the UL the eNodeB replies with
one HARQ Indicator (HI) bit to ACK or NACK
• DL HI bits transmitted in the control region
• Up to 8 HI bits are transmitted on 4 subcarriers using CDMA

140
DL REFERENCE SIGNAL

• Reference Signal used for channel estimation

• Distribution is subframe is based on number of antennas
• No collision among Reference Signals from different antennas
• Pilot power boosting is allowed

141
DL SYNCHRONIZATION SIGNALS

• One Primary and one Secondary Sync Signals

• Used by the UE for initial synchronization (at system entry)
• There are 504 cell IDs (NID =0, 1, … 503)
• Each eNodeB has NID = 3 NID1 + NID2
• NID2 = 0, 1, 2 and NID1 = 0, 1, …, 167
• NID2 generates one of 3 Primary Sync Sequences
• NID1 and NID2 generates two Secondary Sync Sequences
• Primary Synch Signals:
• Three Zadoff-Chu sequences of length 62
• Secondary Synchronization Signals:
• 168 pairs of PN sequences of length 62
142
 PRIMARY SYNC SIGNAL
• Three possible Zadoff-Chu Sequences
• Constant Amplitude Zero Auto Correlation (CAZAC)
• Auto-correlation insensitive to frequency offset
• Sequence Pm, m=0, 1, 2 is:
exp  j  mn n  1 63 n 0,1,...,30
Pm n  
exp  j  m n  1n  2  63 n 31,32,..., 61

• Mapped to the middle 62 subcarriers of OFDM symbol 6 of subframes 0 and

5 (i.e. twice per frame)
• At system entry, UE correlates with the 3 possible sequences and finds the
maximum
• NID2 is found
• Half-frame synchronization is found 143

• Estimate frequency offset

• Single Antenna is used (no MIMO)
SECONDARY SYNC SIGNAL

• 168 pairs of binary PN sequences, say S1 and S2

• Mapped to 62 subcarriers immediately before Primary Sync
• Sequence S1 mapped to subframe 0 and sequence S2 mapped to subframe 5
• After successful Primary Sync, UE correlates to find S1 and S2
• NID1 , hence, NID is found
• Initial synchronization is complete
• UE proceeds to received Broadcast Channel

• May not be transmitted from the same antenna of Primary Sync

144
UPLINK CHANNELS & SIGNALS

• Uplink Channels:
• Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
• Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
• Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
• Uplink Signals:
• Demodulation Reference Signals
• Sounding Reference Signals

145
PHYSICAL UPLINK SHARED CHANNEL

• PUSCH carries user data and control in UL

• Employs SC-FDMA
• New Resource Blocks allocated each subframe
• Allocation in pairs of adjacent RBs, equal per slot
• Resource blocks in slot 0 and slot 1 may not be at the same subcarriers
• Denoted as frequency hopping
• Single antenna in LTE and MIMO Transmit Diversity or Spatial Multiplexing in LTE-A
• Uplink control information transmitted with PUSCH
• Channel Quality Information (CQI): SNR
• HARQ Indicator: ACK/NACK of DL transport block
• Rank Indicator (RI): rank of DL channel matrix
• Precoding Matrix Indicator (PI): UE requests a precoding MIMO matrix

146
PUSCH ALLOCATION

• Always adjacent RBs

• Reference Signal in middle of slot
• With or without frequency hopping
• No hopping: optimize with channel
• Hopping: frequency diversity

147
PUSCH TRANSMITTER PROCESSING

148
 PHYSICAL UPLINK CONTROL
CHANNEL
• When UE has DL data allocation but does not have UL PUSCH allocation it has to
transmit UL control
• DL CQI
• DL ACK/NACK
• Request Precoding Matrix
• Report channel rank
• A common (public to all UEs) PUCCH allocation is used in CDMA fashion
• Pair of RB per PUCCH
• OFDM is used (no DFT)
• Frequency hopping at band edges
• More allocations added as needed
• One UE maps to a pair of RB only
• Several format used based on control information 149
PUCCH FORMATS 1, 1A AND 1B

• Format 1: Schedule Request

• Format 1a: ACK/NACK with 1 bit (one DL codeword)
• Format 1b: ACK/NACK with 2 bits (two DL codewords)

150
FORMATS 2, 2A AND 2B

• Used to transmit CQI, PMI and RI together with ACK/NACK

151
PUCCH FORMATS

152
 PHYSICAL RANDOM ACCESS
CHANNEL
• Used by UE to request initial DL
allocation
• Typically after system entry
• Occupies 6 RBs in one or two
subframes
• Zadoff-Chu sequences are used
• Subcarrier spacing is 15/12=1.25
kHz
153
 SOUNDING REFERENCE SIGNAL
• UE transmits PUSCH only in its UL allocation
• There could be better band for the UE in the UL, but eNodeB
does not know
• eNodeB may reserve the last OFDM symbol in subframe for SRS
• eNodeB may ask UEs to transmit SRS periodically or as needed
• Several UEs may use the same SRS band in CDMA fashion
• If the SNR is better, the eNodeB may change allocation for the
UE
154
CHANNELS

155
SYSTEM INFORMATION BLOCK (SIB)

• As the functionalities of LTE evolves and start interplay with other

radio technologies (e.g, wlan, V2X, NR etc), the list of SIB is getting
longer and longer. We first started with around 12 SIBs and now (as
of Jan 2020. Release 15), the largest SIB Type number is SIB24.
• MIB or Master Information Block is a very important message or
information that is broadcasted by the LTE eNodeB irrespective of any
users presence. The MIB is first among the other system information
blocks or SIB, which are also broadcasted by the eNodeB.
SYSTEM INFORMATION

• Static part is called as MIB and is transmitted using BCH

and carried by PBCH once every 40ms. MIB carries useful
information which includes channel bandwidth, PHICH
configuration details; transmit power, no. of antennas and
SIB scheduling information transmitted along with other
information on the DL-SCH.
• Dynamic part is called as SIB and is mapped on RRC SI
messages(SI-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11) over DL-SCH and
transmitted using PDSCH at periodic intervals.
LTE SYSTEM INFORMATION BLOCKS
UE INDICATORS CQI

• CQI (Channel Quality Indicator), Helping better adapting the

transmission (link adaptation) .
• Feeding back the channel condition from the UE to the eNodeB.
• 4-bit integer based on the SINR.
• Aperiodic reports are transmitted using PUSCH. Periodic reports are
transmitted using PUCCH
• Aperiodic CQI reporting is triggered when CQI requests within PDCCH
DCI-0 or Random Access.
159
UE INDICATORS CQI

160
UE INDICATORS

• PMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator), UE indicates to eNB , which

precoding matrix should be used for downlink transmission
which is determined by RI.
• RI (Rank Indicator), UE indicates to eNB, the number of layers
that should be used for downlink transmission to the UE.
PMI 0 1 2 3
Weight for antenna-1 0.7071 0.7071 0.7071 0.7071
Weight for antenna-2 0.7071 -0.7071 j*0.7071 -j*0.7071
161
 LT E
A D VA N C E D

162
CHALLENGES AND SOLUTION

• LTE-A added several features to increase data rate:

• Requirements DL > 1 Gbps, and UL > 500 Mbps
• Spectrum efficiency up 30 bps/Hz
• Main PHY features in LTE-A
• Band Aggregation
• Enhanced MIMO
• Non-contiguous transmission in UL
• Coordinated multipoint transmission
• Relaying
163
CARRIER AGGREGATION CA

• Carrier aggregation is used to increase the bandwidth

• Up to 5 component carriers can be aggregated
• Maximum aggregated bandwidth of 100MHz

164
WHY CARRIER AGGREGATION?

• Increase the capacity of the system : LTE-Advanced uses carrier

aggregation of multiple Component Carriers (CCs) to increase bandwidth
transmission.
• Make use of fragmented spectrum.
• Better Serve Het-Nets: carrier aggregation enables multiple carriers to be
used for a given cell.
• Interference can be avoided by means of cross-carrier scheduling. PDCCH
on the CC of one serving cell schedules transmission resources on a CC of
another serving cell.
165
CARRIER AGGREGATION CA

• Carrier Aggregation (FDD) UE can be allocated DL and UL

resources on the aggregated resource consisting of two or
more Component Carriers (CC)
• the R8/R9, the CCs can be of different bandwidths.

166
CARRIER AGGREGATION CA

167
CARRIER AGGREGATION CA NOTATION

• Aggregated Transmission Bandwidth Configuration (ATBC): total

number of aggregated physical resource blocks (PRB).
• CA bandwidth class indicates a combination of maximum ATBC and
maximum number of CCs. In R10 and R11 three classes are defined:
• Class A: ATBC ≤ 100, maximum number of CC = 1
• Class B: ATBC ≤ 100, maximum number of CC = 2
• Class C: 100 < ATBC ≤ 200, maximum number of CC = 2

168
CARRIER AGGREGATION CA NOTATION

• CA_1C indicates intra-band contiguous CA on E-UTRA

operating band 1 and CA bandwidth class C
• CA_1A_1A, indicates intra-band non-contiguous CA on band 1
with a one CC on each side of the intra-band gap
• CA_1A_5B indicates inter-band CA, on operating band 1 with
bandwidth class A and operating band 5 with bandwidth class
B
169
PROCEDURES FOR CARRIER
AGGREGATION

• After RRC connection establishment to the PCell,

reconfiguration, addition and removal of SCellscan be
performed by RRC.
• When adding a new SCell, dedicated RRC signallingis used to
send all the required SI for the new SCell.
• In RRC_CONNECTED state, as the radio conditions for a UE
change on different CCs or the load on different CCs changes,
the network may decide to change the PCellfor a UE. 170
171
USER PLAN

• The multiple CCs of carrier aggregation are not visible to the

Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) and Radio Link Control
(RLC) layers.
• At the MAC layer, each CC has its own independent HARQ entity.
From the perspective of the UE.
• One transport block and an independent HARQ entity are
scheduled per CC in the absence of spatial multiplexing, and up
to two when spatial multiplexing is configured.
172
173
SCHEDULING

• Dynamic scheduling is performed every subframe by means of

grants transmitted on PDCCH.
• The grants may be transmitted on the same carrier as the
assigned data resources or on a different carrier if cross-carrier
scheduling is configured.
• Semi-Persistent Scheduling (SPS) can only be configured for the
PCell, and only PDCCH allocations for the PCell can override an
SPS resource allocation.
174
PHYSICAL LAYER ASPECTS

175
PDCCH OF CA

• Cross-carrier scheduling: a PDCCH on one CC to schedule

data transmissions on another CC by means of a new 3-bit
Carrier Indicator Field (CIF) inserted at the beginning of the
PDCCH messages.

176
 PDCCH OF CA
• a) without cross
carrier scheduling
• b) with cross carrier
scheduling

177
 CROSS CARRIER SCHEDULING
• The main motivation for
cross-carrier scheduling in
LTE-Advanced is to provide
support for Inter-Cell
Interference Coordination
(ICIC) for the PDCCH in
HetNets.

178
RELAYING

• eNodeB communicates with some UE through a Relay Station

• Relay may have its own ID or same ID as donor eNodeB
• Details under further study in 3GPP

24-Dec-11
DAY 3 REVIEW

• Channel
• Carrier aggregation
• Lab DL physical channel

180
DAY 4 CONTENT

• Voice in LTE
• CoMP
• Presentation

181
VOICE CALL IN LTE

182
VOICE CALL IN LTE

• VoLGA (Voice over LTE via Generic Access): Use legacy 2G/3G
as a generic access, voice services, and delivering via LTE.
• CSFB (CS Fall Back): whenever the UE have the need to place
a call, make it revert (fallback) for legacy networks.
• VoLTE (Voice over LTE): make voice over LTE itself
• SRVCC (Single Radio Voice Call Continuity)

183
VOICE CALL IN LTE

• VoLGA (Voice over LTE via Generic Access): add VoLGA

Network Controller VNC
• NOT USED

184
VOICE CALL IN LTE CSFB

• CS fallback provides voice without changes in CS core

network
• Required interface between CS and EPC which is SGs
• CSFB does not impact SMS, where it sends as IP packets
• Prerequisites:
• Interface between CS and EPC
• UE, eNB, MME, must support CSFB
• UE attaches in 2 domain CS and PS( EPC) 185
VOICE CALL IN LTE CSFB

• When the CSFB UE is turned on, it registers itself in the two

networks: LTE and legacy network (CS).
• The legacy network needs to know the location of the UE.
• MME, which tracks the location of the UE in the LTE network,
continuously provides location information to the legacy MSC.

186
VOICE CALL IN LTE

• CSFB : when UE wants to make voice call, MME tells MCS to

accept the call over 2G/3G

187
MOBILE ORIGINATION MO

188
CSFB - ORIGINATED CALL

• When the UE decides to originate a voice call, it sends an SRM (Service Request
Message) to the MME.
• The MME checks whether the UE is CSFB capable and notifies the eNodeB to
transfer the UE to the legacy network.
• Before performing the UE transfer, the eNodeB can ask it to make RF measures
on neighboring 2G/3G network.
• The eNodeB then decides the best network for the UE and performs the transfer.
• Once the UE camp in 2G/3G network, it starts the call procedure as usual - the
UE starts the call control procedures in legacy network.
189
INCOMING (TERMINATED) CALL

190
CSFB TERMINATED CALL

• UE is registered (also) in the legacy network

• When it got a call, the legacy network tells LTE network: 'I have a call
to the UE, can you ask it to come here and make the call?'
• To CSFB be possible, users must be using dual mode devices
• To support CSFB, a new interface is introduced: the SGs, connecting
the MME to the legacy MSC
• At the end of the call in the legacy network, the UE can re-register the
LTE network.
191
VOLTE OVERVIEW

• Voice over LTE is the method of sending voice using LTE bearer.
• LTE packet data-based system
• The motivation is transferring network to be all IP network
• Reduce OpEx
• Benefit is LTE data and voice at the same time
• Call setup time
• Voice quality
192
VOICE QUALITY MEASURING

• POLQA stands for “Perceptual Objective Listening Quality

Assessment”.
• POLQA is the next-generation mobile voice quality testing
standard P.863 as Draft from ITU-T
• Narrowband (300Hz -3400Hz)
• Wideband (100Hz-7000Hz)
• Super wideband, SWB (50Hz ”14000Hz)
193
VOLTE

• VoLTE, To make voice calls, LTE networks need to have an IMS

• IP Multimedia Services), IMS offers several multimedia IP services,
including VoIP (Voice over IP)
• SRVCC (Single Radio Voice Call Continuity).
• It is a call transfer method (handover), in a simplified and reliably
way, when an LTE user has an active voice session in IMS and is
moving to areas without LTE coverage, but with legacy 2G/3G
coverage.
194
ARCHITECTURE

195
WHAT IS IMS

• The IP Multimedia Subsystem or IP Multimedia Core Network

Subsystem (IMS) is a standardized architectural framework
for delivering IP multimedia services.
• IMS is an access agnostic.
• IMS uses IETF protocols wherever possible, e.g., the Session
Initiation Protocol (SIP).

196
PROTOCOL STACK

197
IMS STRUCTURE

198
CALL SESSION CONTROL FUNCTION
(CSCF)

• CSCF provides the control in IMS core network

• Set up , establish, modify multimedia sessions
• Main elements
• Proxy CSCF (P-CSCF)
• Interrogating CSCF (I-CSCF)
• Serving CSCF (S-CSCF)
199
PROXY

• Entry point for UE

• Accepting incoming requests and forwarding to the entity
that can serve
• All SIP to and from the UE must go through P-CSCF
• Commpression and Decompression SIP

200
INTERROGATING

• Responsible for determining which serving should be

assigned
• Communicate with HSS and obtains the request for the
address of S-CSCF
P- I-
HSS
CSCF CSCF
201
SERVING

• The central point of IMS

• It provides the execution of registration, routing and
management the session
• It converts the MISISDN to SIP URI

202
COORDINATED MULTIPOINT (COMP)

203
COORDINATED MULTIPOINT (COMP)

• Improving cell-edge coverage

• Requires coordination in scheduling and allocation
• Two eNodeB transmit simultaneously or selectively
• Must be clock synchronous

204
LTE-A DL COORDINATED MULTIPOINT

• Coordinated between Tx points via CSI sharing

• Use of inter-cell CSI for coordination

205
LTE-A DL COMP

• Joint transmission (JT) PDSCH is transmitted from multiple

cells with precoding using DMRS among coordinated cell
• Dynamic cell selection, PDSCH is transmitted from one cell
which is dynamically selection

206
 LTE-A UL COMP
• PUSCH is received at multiple
cells
• Scheduling is coordinated
among the sells
• Packet combining among the
cell

207
PAPER READING

• “Coordinated Multipoint Transmission and Reception in LTE-

Advanced: Deployment Scenarios and Operational
Challenges”

208
REF

• [1] A. Ghosh, J. Zhang, J. Andrews, R. Muhamed, Fundamentals of LTE, Prentice Hall , 2010.
• [2] A. Ghosh, R. Ratasuk, “Essentials of LTE, LTE-A”, Cambridge University Press, 2011
• https://www.3gpp.org/technologies/101-carrier-aggregation-explained
• https://www.sqimway.com/index.html
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mmq1K_Wqkng&t=3805s&ab_chann
el=MoniemTech
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fSVECAiOLWo&ab_channel=MoniemT
ech
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y_54fqLtpvE&t=75s&ab_channel=Ya
209
hyaEzzeldin
• https://www.coursera.org/learn/4g-network-fundamentals/home/week/1