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Ppt01. a Review to Statistics and Probability

The document provides an overview of key statistical concepts, including variables, populations, samples, and types of data. It explains descriptive and inferential statistics, measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), and the basics of probability experiments and outcomes. Additionally, it distinguishes between quantitative and qualitative data, as well as discrete and continuous data.

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Naize Jann sentones
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6 views

Ppt01. a Review to Statistics and Probability

The document provides an overview of key statistical concepts, including variables, populations, samples, and types of data. It explains descriptive and inferential statistics, measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), and the basics of probability experiments and outcomes. Additionally, it distinguishes between quantitative and qualitative data, as well as discrete and continuous data.

Uploaded by

Naize Jann sentones
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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REVIEW

TO
STATISTIC
S
Variable
A variable is a characteristic or condition that
can change or take on different values.
Most research begins with a general question
about the relationship between two variables
for a specific group of individuals.
Population
The entire group of individuals is called the
population.
For example, a researcher may be interested in
the relation between class size (variable 1) and
academic performance (variable 2) for the
population of third-grade children.
Sample
Usually populations are so large that a
researcher cannot examine the entire
group. Therefore, a sample is selected to
represent the population in a research
study. The goal is to use the results
obtained from the sample to help answer
questions about the population.
Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics are methods for
organizing and summarizing data.
For example, tables or graphs are used to
organize data, and descriptive values such as
the average score are used to summarize data.
A descriptive value for a population is called a
parameter and a descriptive value for a
sample is called a statistic.
Inferential Statistics
Inferential statistics are methods for using
sample data to make general conclusions
(inferences) about populations.
Because a sample is typically only a part of the whole
population, sample data provide only limited information
about the population. As a result, sample statistics are
generally imperfect representatives of the corresponding
population parameters.
Data
 GATHERING AND ORGANIZING DATA
 REPRESENTING DATA USING GRAPHS AND CHARTS
 INTERPRET DATA
Data
The measurements obtained in a research
study are called the data.
The goal of statistics is to help researchers
organize and interpret the data.
Test yourself:
Identify the data whether it is grouped or ungrouped.

A. My friends in biology get a grade of 92, 84,


65, 76, 88, and 90.
B. Allan 2nd semester’s grade
Course Name Course Grade No. of Units
Biology 87 5
Statistics 90 3
Psychology 88 3
Two Types of Data
Quantitative Data
-deals with numbers and things you can measure
objectively: such as height, width, and length.
Temperature and humidity. Prices. Area and volume.
Qualitative Data
-deals with characteristics and descriptors that can’t
be easily measured, but can be observed
subjectively – such as smells, tastes, and textures.
Types of
Quantitative Data
Discrete data
- is a count that can’t be made more precise
- typically it involves integers
- example: the number of children in your family
Continuous data
- could be divided and reduced to finer and finer levels.
- example: height (precise scales – meters,
centimeters, millimeters, and beyond)
Measures of
Central Tendency
MEAN
MEDIAN
MODE
Mean
The mean of numbers is the sum of the
numbers divided by .
Exercise:
Solve for the mean:
a. 4, 8, 1, 14, 9, 21, 12
b. 46, 23, 92, 89, 77, 108
c. 14, 27, 3, 82, 64, 34, 8, 51
d. 21.3, 37.4, 11.6, 82.5, 17.2
Median
The middle number or the mean of two
middle numbers in a list of numbers that
have been arranged in numerical order from
smallest to largest or largest to smallest.
Example:
A. 92, 84, 65, 76, 88
-Arrange in numerical order (65, 76, 84, 88,
92)

B. 245, 235, 220, 210


-Arrange (210, 220, 235, 245)
-
Exercise:
Find the median:
a. 4, 8, 1, 14, 9, 21, 12
b. 46, 23, 92, 89, 77, 108
c. 14, 27, 3, 82, 64, 34, 8, 51
d. 21.3, 37.4, 11.6, 82.5, 17.2
Mode
The mode is a list of numbers that occurs most
frequently.
Note:
Some list of numbers do not have a mode. For
instance, in the list 1, 6, 8, 10, 32, 15, 49, each
number occurs exactly once.
Mode
Note:
Some list of numerical data can have more than one
mode. For instance, in the list 4, 2, 2, 6, 2, 4, 7, 4 the
number 2 occurs three times and so does number 4.
Exercise:
Identify the mode:
a. 4, 8, 1, 12, 9, 21, 12
b. 18, 15, 21, 16, 15, 14, 15, 21
c. 2, 5, 8, 9, 11, 4, 7, 23
d. 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 8
e. 12, 34, 12, 71, 48, 39, 71
REVIEW TO
PROBABILIT
Y
Experiment
Experiment is a chance process that leads
to a well-defined result called an outcome.

For example: Flipping a coin


Rolling a die
Outcome
Outcome is the result of a single trail of an
experiment. Experiment Outcome
Head (H) , Tail
Flipping a coin
(T)
Rolling a die 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

In flipping a coin the possible outcome is either a head


or a tail. While in rolling a die the possible outcome is
Sample Space
Sample space is the set of all the possible
outcome or sample points.

Experiment Sample space


Flipping two coins HH, HT, TH, TT
Rolling a die 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
1.The number of students in a classroom.
Answer: Discrete
2.The weight of a bag of rice. 1.The number of chairs in a room.
Answer: Continuous Answer: Discrete
3.The number of cars in a parking lot.
Answer: Discrete 2.The amount of rainfall in a day, measured in
4.The temperature of a cup of coffee. millimeters.
Answer: Continuous Answer: Continuous
5.The number of pets in a household.
Answer: Discrete 3.The number of steps a person takes in a day.
6.The height of a basketball player. Answer: Discrete
Answer: Continuous 4.The length of a piece of string, measured in
7.The number of pages in a book.
Answer: Discrete centimeters.
8.The time taken to complete a race. Answer: Continuous
Answer: Continuous 5.The number of employees in a company.
9.The number of siblings a person has.
Answer: Discrete Answer: Discrete
10.The speed of a moving car. 6.The age of a tree, measured in years.
Answer: Continuous Answer: Discrete
11.The amount of water in a glass, measured in
milliliters. 7.The volume of a liquid in a container, measured in
Answer: Continuous liters.
12.The number of books on a library shelf. Answer: Continuous
Answer: Discrete
13.The distance traveled by an airplane. 8.The number of text messages sent in a day.
Answer: Continuous Answer: Discrete
14.The number of goals scored in a soccer match. 9.The time spent watching a movie, measured in
Answer: Discrete
15.The price of a product in dollars and cents. minutes.
Answer: Continuous Answer: Continuous
10.The number of apples in a basket.
Answer: Discrete

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