INSTRUCTIONAL

MATERIALS
JLMV 2018
 INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS
- Especially designed classroom tools which
contain instructions to learners and teachers,
and which specify each increment of learning:
- the content to be learned,
- the techniques of presentation,
- practice and use of that content and
- the modes of teaching associated with
those techniques.
( Johnson, RELC Journal)
JLMV 2018
 INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS
- Important element within the curriculum and
are often the most tangible and visible aspect
of it. ( Nunan, 1991)
- They can provide a detailed specification of
content, even in the absence of the syllabus.
( Richards and Rodgers, 1986)
- Can define the goals of the syllabus, and the
roles of the teachers and the learner within
the instructional progress. (Wright, 1987)
JLMV 2018
 ROLES OF IM’S
(excerpt from CUNNINGSWORTH,1995)

- Resource for presentation materials

- Source of activities for learner practice
- Source of stimulation and ideas for classroom
activities.
- Syllabus
- Support for less experienced teachers.

JLMV 2018
IM’S Functions
for ESP Courses
(Dudley-Evans and St. John, 1998)
- Source of language
- Learning support
- Motivation and stimulation
- For reference
JLMV 2018
Basic Principles of Materials
Development (excerpt Tomlinson, 1998)
- IM’s should achieve impact.

- IM’s should help learners to feel at ease.

- IM’s should help the learners to develop confidence.

- What is being taught should be perceived by learners

as relevant and useful.

JLMV 2018
Basic Principles of Materials
Development (excerpt Tomlinson, 1998)

- IM’s should require and facilitate learner self-

investment.

- Learners must be ready to acquire the points being

taught.

- IM’s should take into account that learners differ in

learning styles and affective attitudes.

JLMV 2018
Basic Principles of Materials
Development
(excerpt Tomlinson, 1998)
- IM’s should permit a silent period at the
beginning of the instruction.
- IM’s should not rely too much on controlled
practice.
- IM’s should provide opportunities for outcome
feedback.
- IM’s should
JLMV 2018
WHO BENEFITS MORE WITH THE
USE OF INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIALS?

TEACHERS or STUDENTS

JLMV 2018
TEACHERS
- IM’s provide materials for presentation of new items for
reinforcement, consolidation and practice.

- IM’s provide materials for teaching particular skills and

other special difficulties.

- Guide the teacher on the methods and techniques in

introducing the lessons and the series of exercises for
teaching the concepts.

- Give them more opportunity to make the best use of

their time and skills to do more teaching.
JLMV 2018
STUDENTS
- Concretize the syllabus
- Opportunity for individual work in
or outside the classroom
- Follow a course of study with the
little help from teachers.

JLMV 2018
What are the
types of IM’s??

JLMV 2018
 INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS
- Textbook
- Workbook / Skillbook
- Teacher’s Book/ Teacher’s Manual / Teacher’s
Guide
- Work Text
- Module and Self Learning Kit ( SLK)
- Reference Book
- Multimedia Instructional Materials.

JLMV 2018
TEACHING
AIDS
” “We remember 20% of what we
HEAR We remember 30% of what
we SEE
We remember 50% of what we SEE &
HEAR We remember 90% of what we
SAY & DO”

“I hear, I forget
I see, I
remember I
 TEACHING
AIDS
⚫ Teaching aids are the tools that
teachers use in the classroom such
as flash cards,maps,cassette and
blackboard.
⚫ A teaching aid is a tool used by
teachers to help learners improve
reading and other skills, illustrate or
reinforce a skill, fact, or idea, and
relieve anxiety, fears, or boredom,
since many teaching aids are like
games.
 Categories of Teaching
Aids
⚫3 categories
1)Audio Aids
2) Visual Aid
3)Audio – Visual Aid
⚫ A-V aid imply, “anything by means
of which learning process may be
encouraged or carried on through
the sense of hearing or the sense
of sight.”
 CLASSIFICATION OF AUDIO VISUAL
AIDS

PROJECTED & NON PROJECTED AIDS

NON-PROJECTED PROJECTED

GRAPHIC
picture ACTIVITY
DIPLAY
, BOARDS- AIDS,
charts, AUDIO demonstrati
, bulletin 3-D SILENT-
maps, AIDS- ons,
board, AIDS slides
graph radio, SOUND-
s, flann globes dramatics, , film
Tape films
puppe el , experiments
board recorder, strips
ts, model ,
flash , language ,
s, laboratory programme
cards, magnetic OHP
object d instruction
poster board, s,
specimen field
s
EDGAR DALE’S CLASSIFICATION OF
AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS
PRINCIPLE OF USE
1) preparation- awareness, teacher's
preparation, students participation
2) Proper presentation- handling,
checking, timely presentation,
avoiding distraction
3) Protection and preservation
4) Action
5) Follow up
6) Evaluation
CHARTS
 CHART
⚫A chart is a useful way to present and
display information or instructions,
especially in a classroom or other
educational situation. It can range in
size from a large wall chart to a single
piece of paper.
⚫ Acc to Edgar Dale , “a chart is a visual
symbol summarising or comparing or
contrasting or performing other helpful
services in explaning subject matter”
TYPES OF CHARTS
Picture
chart Time
chart Table
chart
Graphic
chart Flow
chart Tree
FLASH CARDS
 FLASH CARDS
⚫ Flash cards are useful for drilling
new letters, words, and other
information. They are normally
used in a classroom, but can
also be used more informally.
⚫ A flash card is part of a set of
cards on which are written items
to be studied. They are “flashed”
(shown quickly) one by one to a
learner to elicit a quick response.
⚫ Flash cards are sets of cards printed
with information to be studied,
such as
 definitions
 formulas
 letters
 multiplication tables
 prefixes
 words.
⚫ If there is an answer or solution to
what appears on the front of the
card, it is printed on the back so
that the person showing the
cards can see if the learner's
answer is correct
FLIP CHARTS
 FLIP CHARTS
⚫ Flip charts are useful in teaching situations
where you need to teach a number of people at a
time. They are used when books are unavailable,
scarce, or too expensive for individuals to have
their own copy when other media such as
overheads and slides are not available, and
where group learning is most culturally
appropriate.
⚫ A flip chart is a collection of large pages which
are bound together at the top. The pages are
“flipped” or brought up and to the back as they
are used.
⚫ A flip chart is bound together at the top in such a
way that the pages can be easily turned and lie
flat.
FLIP CARDS
FLANNEL
BOARD
FLANNEL
BOARD
⚫ It consists of a piece of flannel or
felt made from wool, stretched
tightly over a strong backing of
plywood. Pictures, cards and
similar material can be made
stick on it.
MODELS
 MODE
L
⚫ Models are replicas or copies of real
objects with suitable change in size,
complexity, timing, safety and cost
factors.
⚫ CLASSIFICATION-
1) Simplified
2) Scale
3) Working
4) Cross-sectional
5) Mock-ups
GLOBE
a globe is a spherical model of
earth
GRAPHS
GRAPHS
⚫ Flat pictures which employ dots,
lines or pictures to visualize
numerical and statistical data to
show statistics or relationships.
⚫ Graphs are by nature a
summarizing device.
⚫ Effective tools for comparisons
and contrast.
KIND Flannel Lin
e
S
Pictori Ba
al r
Circl
e or
pie
CARTOONS
CARTOONS
⚫A cartoon is an interpretive
picture, usually a drawing,
intended to convey a message
or point of view about things,
events or situation; may make
free use of exaggeration and
symbolism.
PUPPETS
 SLIDES
( TRANSPARENCIES)
⚫ Any positive transparency mounted
individually for use in a projector or
viewing transmitted light.
MOBILE TECHNOLOGY
⚫ Internetand Wi Fi
⚫ Touch screen
⚫ Games and
quizzes
⚫ Mobile applications
⚫ Any time &
anywhere
The value of mobile learning
⚫ Itis important to bring new technology
into the classroom.
⚫ Devices used are more lightweight than
books and PCs.
⚫ Mobile learning can be used to diversify the
types of learning activities students (or a
blended learning approach).
⚫ Mobile learning supports the learning
process rather than being integral to it.
⚫ Mobile learning can be a useful add-on tool
for students with special needs. However,
for SMS and MMS this might be dependent
on the students’ specific disabilities or
difficulties involved.
⚫ Mobile learning can be used as a ‘hook’
to re- engage disaffected youth.
Benefits
⚫ Relatively inexpensive opportunities,
as the cost of mobile devices are
significantly less than PCs and laptops
⚫ Multimedia content delivery and
creation options
⚫ Continuous and situated learning
support
⚫ Decrease in training costs
⚫ Potentially a more rewarding learning
experience
Technical challenges include
⚫ Connectivity and battery life
⚫ Screen size and key size
⚫ Meeting required bandwidth
for nonstop/fast streaming
⚫ Number of file/asset formats supported
by a specific device
⚫ Content security or copyright issue
from authoring group
⚫ Multiple standards, multiple screen
sizes, multiple operating systems
⚫ Limited memory
⚫ Risk of sudden obsolescence
Social and educational
challenges include
⚫ Accessibility and cost barriers for end users
⚫ How to assess learning outside the classroom
⚫ Content's security or pirating issues
⚫ Frequent changes in device
models/technologies/functionality etc.
⚫ Developing an appropriate theory of
learning for the
mobile age
⚫ Design of technology to support a
lifetime of learning
⚫ No restriction on learning timetable
⚫ Personal and private information and
content
⚫ No demographic boundary
⚫ Disruption of students' personal and
academic lives
INTERACTIVE WHITE BOARD
⚫ an interactive whiteboard is a
large display that connects to
a computer and a projector
⚫ use of graphics and other
visuals to represent
information
 Use
s
⚫ Running software that is loaded onto the connected PC,
such as a web browsers or other software used in the
classroom.
⚫ Capturing and saving notes written on a whiteboard to
the connected PC
⚫ Controlling the PC from the white board using click and
drag, markup which annotates a program or
presentation
⚫ Using OCR software to translate cursive writing on a
graphics tablet into text
⚫ Using an Audience Response System so that presenters
can poll a classroom audience or conduct quizzes,
capturing feedback onto the whiteboard
⚫ Multimedia lessons and presentations including audio
and video
⚫ Collaborative problem solving
⚫ Showcasing student projects and presentations
⚫ Virtual field trips