Changing the Subject

(Multi-Step)
Where Subject Appears
Lauren Richards Once Only
www.drfrost.org
@DrFrostMaths

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Last modified:6th June 2024 charity in England and Wales (no
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Teacher Notes
Prerequisite Representations
Knowledge Used
• Solve simple linear equations. • Balance scales
• Form simple expressions & formulae
• Use and interpret algebraic notation, including:
– in place of ,
– in place of and , Future Links
– in place of ,
• Changing the subject of
– coefficients written as fractions rather than as decimals.
a formula where the
– Brackets
subject appears once
• Simplify expressions with sums, products and powers
only, including brackets
including index laws
and more complex
• Distinguish between expressions, equations, inequalities,
terms and factors powers and roots
• Order of operations • Changing the subject of
• Change the subject of a linear formula requiring a single step. a formula where the
subject appears
multiple times.
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Generate a Start an
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subskill to allow you further Test Your Understanding opportunities. (e.g.
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Skills in this Lesson
201 Changing the subject where the variable appears once only, excluding
brackets
201b Change the subject of a linear formula requiring two steps (including simple
divisions).
201c Change the subject of a formula where the subject is multiplied or divided by more
than one constant or variable.
201d Change the subject of a formula where the subject appears on the denominator of a
fraction.
201e Change the subject of a linear formula where the coefficient of the subject is
negative. Dr Frost Learning is a registered
charity in England and Wales (no
How to use these slides
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Contents
For lessons covering many concepts, please click the below to navigate
quickly to the relevant part of the lesson.
Changing the Subject in the form or

Mini Exercise 1

Changing the Subject in the form or

Mini Exercise 2

Changing the Subject With More Complex Terms

Mini Exercise 3

Changing the Subject Where the Subject is in the Denominator

Mini Exercise 4

Changing the Subject Where the Subject is Negative

Mini Exercise 5

Mixed Exercise

Dr Frost Learning is a registered

charity in England and Wales (no
 Show

RECAP: Changing the Subject & Solving all

solutio
ns

1 Make the subject of the 2 Solve each of the

following formulae: following:
a 𝑤+7=1 2 𝒘 =𝟓?
a 5 𝑦 =𝑥+ 6 𝒙=𝟓?𝒚 −𝟔 b 𝑥 −2=12 𝒙 =𝟏𝟒
?
b 𝑛=𝑥 −𝑚 𝒙=𝒏+𝒎
? c 8 𝑦=32 𝒚 =𝟒
?
c 2
𝑥 =𝑡 ? √𝒕
𝒙 =± d
𝑧
=3.5 𝒛 =𝟐𝟏
6 ?
𝟐
d √ 𝑥=𝑎 𝒙 =𝒂
? e 4 𝑎− 3=33 𝒂=𝟗?
𝟐 𝟐
e 𝑤 2 =𝑦 2+ 𝑥 𝒙=𝒘? − 𝒚 f 9 ( 3 𝑐 − 4 ) =72 𝒄 =𝟒
?
𝒚 5𝑑−3
f 𝑧 𝑥=𝑦 𝒙=
? 𝒛
g =31 𝒅=𝟏𝟑
?
2
𝑥 6 𝒇 =𝟔
?
g
𝑎
=5 𝒙=𝟓
? 𝒂 h =1
𝑓
h 𝑎 2=2𝑏 2+ 𝑥 𝟐
𝒙=𝒂 ?−𝟐 𝒃
𝟐

3 Substitute to following formulae, given , & :

a 𝑥=2 𝑎+𝑐 b 𝑦 =5 𝑐 − 𝑏 c 𝑧=3 𝑏− 4 𝑎
𝒙=𝟔? .𝟏 𝒚 =𝟏
? .𝟓 𝒛 =−𝟏𝟓
?
Recap: Definitions – Equations & Formulae
What is the difference
between an equation and a
formula?
Equation Not Equation Formulae Not Formulae
1
𝑥 +4 =31 𝑣 =𝑢+𝑎𝑡 𝑣 =𝑢+𝑎𝑡 1
𝑥 +4 =31
3 𝑥 2 3
−2 𝑚
𝑛 𝐴=𝜋 𝑟 𝑥
𝑦 =18 − 4 𝑦 2 𝑦 =2 𝑥 − 4 𝑦 −2 𝑚
𝑛
𝐴=𝜋 𝑟
2
2 𝑛 +3 𝑛=4 𝑛 −5 2 𝑥−4 𝑦 𝑉 = 𝑙𝑤h 2 𝑥−4 𝑦

A formula is mathematical statement

An equation is a
of equality, giving a relationship
mathematical statement that
between variables. We often use
shows that two expressions are
substitution to find the value of one
equal, through use of the
variable when we know the value of
equality sign
the others
What other algebraic structures The subject of the formula is the
are in the non-example columns? single variable that everything else
is equal to
Variable Expression
s Terms s
Recap: Fraction Equivalences
When we add or subtract fractions Test Your Understanding
with the same denominator, we can
write the numerators over the Fill in the gaps below:
common denominator.
𝑒 𝑓 𝑒+ 𝑓
2 3 2+3 5 a + ≡
+ ≡
7 7 7 ¿ 7
𝑔? 𝑔
? 𝑔
h −𝑖? h? 𝑖
We can use this same skill when b ≡ −
adding or subtracting algebraic 𝑗 𝑗 ?𝑗
fractions with a common
denominator. 3𝑘
? 𝑙 3 𝑘+𝑙
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎+ 𝑏 + ≡
+ ≡ c
2𝑚 2?𝑚 2𝑚
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐 ?

5 𝑛 2 𝑝 5 𝑛−
? 2𝑝
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎− 𝑏
d
2
− 2≡ 2
− ≡ 𝑞 𝑞 𝑞
?
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
The Big Idea: Changing the Subject
Changing the subject is a useful tool in mathematics that allows us to
manipulate formulae to make any desired variable the subject.

This means that through rearrangement, we can express one variable of a

formula in terms of any remaining variables.

However, if we had the

Below is the formula to temperature in Celsius, , and we
convert the temperature in wanted to find its value in
Fahrenheit, , to Celsius, : Fahrenheit, , we could rearrange
the formula to make the subject:

5 9
𝐶 = ( 𝐹 − 32 ) 𝐹 =32+ 𝐶
9 5
RECAP: Solving Equations by Balancing
Solve the following equation to find :

2 𝑥+14=36
−14 −14
𝑥𝑥 14 36
−14 ↓
𝑥𝑥 2211
11

÷2↓ ↓÷2
𝑥 11
 The Big Idea: Two Step Changing the
Subject
e can also use the scales & balancing for changing the subject requiring two step
Make the subject of the following

2 𝑥+𝑏=𝑐
formula:

𝑥𝑥 𝑏 𝑐
−𝑏 ↓ ↓ −𝑏
−𝑏
𝑐−𝑏
𝑐
2
𝑥𝑥 𝑏
𝑏
𝑐 −
2
𝑏
2 −
2

÷2↓ ↓÷2
𝑥 𝑐
2 −
𝑏
2
𝑐 −𝑏
Remember: we can write this
as:
This is most or
2
Example
We need to remove Make the subject of the following
4 𝑧 − 𝑥= 𝑦
the by applying the
inverse to both sides formula:

𝑧𝑧
𝑧𝑧 −𝑥 𝑦 4 𝑧 − 𝑥= 𝑦
+𝑥↓ ↓+ 𝑥
𝑧𝑧 𝑥
𝑧𝑧 − 𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 4 𝑧=𝑦 +𝑥
We want only for it
to be the subject
÷ 4↓ ↓÷4
𝑧 𝑦 𝑦+𝑥
4
𝑥
4 𝑧=
Remember: we can write this
4
as:
or
Test Your Understanding drfrost.org/ 201b
s/

Rearrange the following

formula to make the subject:
𝜋 +3 𝑏=𝑎
𝑏
𝑏𝑏 𝜋 Scales ? 𝑎 𝜋 +3 𝑏=𝑎
− 𝜋? ↓ ↓ −? 𝜋
𝑏
𝑏𝑏 𝑎−𝜋
Scales ? 3 𝑏=𝑎 ? −𝜋
÷ 3? ↓ ↓÷
? 3

𝑏
𝑎
−
𝜋
𝑎− 𝜋
Scales ? 3 3
𝑏= ?
3
Example
Make the subject of the following
We need a
𝑦+𝑧formula:
whole for it to
be the subject =𝑥
2
𝑦
𝑧
2 2 𝑥 𝑦+𝑧
=𝑥
2

×2 ↓ ↓ ×2
𝑦
2 𝑦 𝑦
𝑧
2 2 𝑧 𝑧
𝑥𝑥
2
𝑦 + 𝑧 =2 𝑥
−𝑧 −𝑧↓ ↓−𝑧
𝑦 𝑧 𝑥𝑥− 𝑧 𝑦 =2 𝑥 − 𝑧
Test Your Understanding drfrost.org/ 201b
s/

Rearrange the following formula to make the

subject: 𝑎+ 𝑏
=12
3
𝑎
3
𝑏
3
Scales ?
12 𝑎+ 𝑏
=12
3

×3
? ↓ ↓ ×3
36
?

𝑎𝑏 Scales ? 𝑎 +𝑏=36
?

−𝑎
? ↓ ↓ −𝑎
?

𝑎 36−𝑏
Scales ?
𝑏=36
? −𝑎
Example Test Your
Understanding
Rearrange the following Rearrange the following
formula to make the subject: formula to make the subject:

𝑎=𝑏𝑥+ 2 𝑤𝑦 − 𝑥=𝑧
We can use the algebraic
notation to change the
subject without scales or bar
𝑤𝑦 − 𝑥=𝑧
models +𝑥↓ ↓+ 𝑥
?
𝑎= 𝑏𝑥+ 2 𝑤𝑦? = 𝑧 + 𝑥
−2 ↓ ↓ −2
𝑎 − 2= 𝑏𝑥 ÷ 𝑤 ↓? ↓ ÷𝑤
÷𝑏↓ ↓÷𝑏 𝒛 +𝒙
𝒚=
?
𝑎− 2 𝒘
=𝑥
𝑏
𝒂− 𝟐
𝒙=
𝒃 drfrost.org/ 201b
s/
Method Comparison
Basma and Hannah have both correctly rearranged to
make the subject of:
4 𝑧 = 𝑥𝑦 +2

4 𝑧=𝑥𝑦 +2 4 𝑧=𝑥𝑦 +2
−2 ↓ ↓ −2 ÷𝑦↓ ↓÷ 𝑦
4 𝑧 −2=𝑥𝑦 4𝑧
=𝑥+
2
÷𝑦↓ ↓÷ 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
𝟒 𝒛 −𝟐 2 2
=𝒙 − ↓ ↓−
𝒚 𝑦 𝑦
𝟒𝒛 𝟐
Their answers are
− =𝒙
Basma
equivalent 𝒚 𝒚 Hannah

What is the same? What is

different?
Which method do you prefer?
Fill in the gaps
Basma and Hannah have both correctly rearranged to
make the subject of:
𝑏𝑥 − 𝑦 =2 𝑧
Remember
to divide
every term
𝑏𝑥 − 𝑦 =2 𝑧 𝑏𝑥 − 𝑦 =2 𝑧 by
+ 𝑦↓ ↓+ 𝑦 ÷𝑏↓ ↓÷𝑏
𝑦 2𝑧
𝑏𝑥=2 𝑧 +? 𝑦 𝑥− ? = ?
÷𝑏↓ ↓÷𝑏 +𝑦 ↓ 𝑏 𝑏
↓+
𝑦
𝟐 𝒛+𝒚 𝑏 𝟐 𝒛 𝒚 𝑏
𝒙= ? 𝒙= ?+
𝒃 𝒃 𝒃

Basma Hannah
Fill in the gaps in their answers.

Which method do you prefer?

Why?
Example Test Your
Understanding
Rearrange the following Rearrange the following
formula to make the subject: formula to make the subject:
𝑏+𝑎 𝑤− 3
=𝑐 =2 𝑦
𝑑 9
𝑤− 3
𝑏+𝑎 =2 𝑦
=𝑐 9
𝑑 × 9↓ ? ↓ ×9
×𝑑↓ ↓×𝑑 𝑤 −3=18
? 𝑦
𝑏+ 𝑎=𝑐𝑑 +3 ↓ ↓ +3
?
−𝑏 ↓ ↓ −𝑏
𝒂=𝒄𝒅 − 𝒃 𝒘 =𝟏𝟖
? 𝒚 +𝟑

drfrost.org/ 201b
s/
Method Comparison
Basma and Hannah have both correctly rearranged to
make the subject
𝑥 of: +3
=𝑧 Hannah has split
𝑤 this up by
knowing:

𝑥 +3 𝑥 +3
=𝑧
=𝑧 𝑤
𝑤 𝑥 3
×𝑤 ↓ ↓ ×𝑤 + =𝑧
𝑤 𝑤
𝑥+ 3=𝑤𝑧 −
3
↓ ↓−
3
−3 ↓ ↓ −3 𝑤 𝑤
𝒙=𝒘𝒛 −𝟑 𝑥
=𝑧 −
3
𝑤 𝑤
×𝑤 ↓ ↓ ×𝑤

Basma
𝒙 =𝒘𝒛 −𝟑
Hannah

What is the same? What is

different?
Which method do you prefer?
 Show

Mini-Exercise 1 all
solutio
ns

Make the subject of the

following:
𝒛 −𝒚 𝑥− 𝑦
16 𝑥 +𝑦 =𝑧 𝒙= ?
𝟔
5𝑤 =
𝑧 𝒙=𝒘𝒛+
? 𝒚

𝒄+ 𝒃 𝑤+𝑥
2𝑐 = 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏 𝒙= ? 6 = 2 𝑧𝒙=𝟏𝟎? 𝒛 − 𝒘
𝒂 5

𝟒+ 𝒚 − 𝝅 2 𝑥 −𝑏 𝒂𝒄 + 𝒃
3𝜋 +2 𝑥=4 + 𝑦
𝒙= ? 𝟐 7𝑐= 𝒙= ?
𝑎 𝟐

𝑥 +3 𝑝+ 𝑞𝑥 𝟏𝟖 𝒓 − 𝒑
4
2
=𝑏 𝒙 =𝟐?𝒃− 𝟑 8
6
=3 𝑟 𝒙= ?
𝒒
Example
Rearrange the following
formula to make the subject:
What is
2 𝑝𝑞=𝑟 different
about this
If is being question to
multiplied by 2 𝑝𝑞=𝑟 previous
Here weones?
have the
AND , can we ÷ 22𝑝↓
↓ ↓
÷ ↓÷÷2𝑝
2 subject, , being
not just divide multiplied by two
by ? 𝒓
𝑟 different variables
𝑝𝑞=
𝒒= 2
𝟐𝒑
÷𝑝↓ ↓÷𝑝
Imani You are correct 𝒓
Imani! We can 𝒒= Top Tip: If the subject is
change the subject
𝟐 being
𝒒 multiplied by more than
one variable, we can divide
in one step by through by all variables in
dividing through by one step.

Similarly, if the formula was , we

Dr Frost could multiply through by
Example
Rearrange the following
formula to make the subject:
𝑞
=𝑟
2𝑝
𝑞
=𝑟 Top Tip: If the
2𝑝 subject is being
You could also 1𝑝 ↓
×2 ↓ ×2 𝑝 divided by more than
think of this as × 𝑞=𝑟 one variable, we can
multiplying 2 𝑝𝒒=𝟐 𝒑𝒓 multiply through by
all variables in one
through by the
multiplicative
×2 𝑝 ↓ ↓ ×2 𝑝 step.

inverse 𝒓
𝒒=
𝟐𝒑

Similarly, if the formula was , we

Dr Frost could multiply through by
Example Test Your
Understanding
Rearrange the following Rearrange the following
formula to make the subject: formula to make the subject:
𝑥𝑦𝑧 =2 3 𝑎 𝑏𝑐𝑑=𝑒
As is being
multiplied by & , we
can divide through
by

𝑥𝑦𝑧 =2 3 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑=5 𝑒
÷ 𝑥𝑧 ↓ ↓ ÷ 𝑥𝑧 ÷ 3 𝑎𝑐𝑑 ↓ ? ↓ ÷ 3 𝑎𝑐𝑑
𝟐 𝟓𝒆
𝒚= 𝒃=
?
𝒙𝒛 𝟑 𝒂𝒄𝒅

drfrost.org/ 201c
s/
Example
Rearrange the following
formula to make the subject:
𝑎𝑥
𝑦=
𝑏
As before, we
Can you think of 𝑎𝑥 need to multiply
any way we can 𝑦=
change the 𝑏 through by to
remove the
subject in one
×𝑏𝑏↓ 𝑏
↓↓××𝑏
step? fraction
× ↓
𝑎 𝑎
We can also 𝑏𝑦 =𝑎𝑥
𝒃𝒚 Now we can divide
think of this
formula as 𝒙↓= ↓ ÷ 𝑎
÷𝑎 through by any
𝒂 variables that are
multiplying the
𝒃𝒚 subject
to make the subject, we 𝒙=
can multiply through by 𝒂
the multiplicative
inverse
Method Comparison
Basma and Hannah have both correctly rearranged to
make the subject
3 𝑥𝑦𝑧 of:
=𝑣
2𝑤
3 𝑥𝑦𝑧 3 𝑥𝑦𝑧
=𝑣 =𝑣
2𝑤 2𝑤
×2 𝑤 ↓ ↓ ×2 𝑤 ×
2𝑤
↓ ↓×
2𝑤
3 𝑥𝑦𝑧=2 𝑣 𝑤 3 𝑥𝑧 3 𝑥𝑧
÷ 3 𝑥𝑧 ↓ ↓ ÷ 3 𝑥𝑧 𝟐 𝒗𝒘
𝟐 𝒗𝒘 𝒚=
𝒚= 𝟑 𝒙𝒛
𝟑 𝒙𝒛

Basma Hannah
What is the same? What is
different?
Which method do you prefer?
Fill in the gaps
Basma and Hannah have both correctly rearranged to
make the subject of: 5 𝑝𝑞𝑟
2𝑡=
𝑠
5 𝑝𝑞𝑟 5 𝑝𝑞𝑟
2𝑡= 2𝑡=
𝑠 𝑠
×𝑠↓ ↓×𝑠
𝑠 𝑠
2 𝑠𝑡=5
? 𝑝𝑞𝑟 ×
5 𝑞𝑟
↓ ↓×
5𝑞𝑟
÷ 5 𝑞𝑟 ↓ ↓ ÷5 𝑞𝑟
𝟐 𝒔𝒕 𝟐 𝒔𝒕
𝒑= ? 𝒑= ?
𝟓 𝒒𝒓 𝟓 𝒒𝒓

Basma Hannah
Fill in the gaps in their answers.

Which method do you prefer?

Why?
Example Test Your
Understanding
Rearrange the following Rearrange the following
formula to make the subject: formula to make the subject:
𝑒𝑓𝑔 𝑝𝑞𝑟
=h =𝑠
𝑑 2
𝑒𝑓𝑔
=h 𝑝𝑞𝑟
𝑑 We can separate the =𝑠
subject from the rest 2
𝑒𝑔 of the term to
× 𝑓 =h identify the 𝑝𝑟
𝑑 multiplicative inverse × 𝑞=𝑠
?
2
𝑑 𝑑
× ↓ ↓× 2 2
𝑒𝑔 𝑒𝑔 × ↓ ? ↓×
𝒅𝒉 𝑝𝑟 𝑝𝑟
𝒇=
𝒆𝒈 𝟐𝒔
𝒒=
?
As is being multiplied by ,
𝒑𝒓
we can multiply through by
the multiplicative inverse drfrost.org/ 201c
s/
 Show

Mini-Exercise 2 all
solutio
ns

Make the subject of the

following:
𝒛 2 𝑎𝑏𝑥 𝒄𝒇
12 𝑥𝑦= 𝑧 𝒙 =? 5𝑓 =
𝑐
𝒙= ?
𝟐 𝒂𝒃
𝟐𝒚

𝟓 7 𝑤𝑥𝑦
25 =𝑎𝑏𝑥 𝒙 =? 6 =𝑡 𝟑𝒕𝒛
𝒂𝒃 3𝑧 𝒙= ?
𝟕 𝒘𝒚

𝟐𝒑 2 𝑎𝑏𝑥 𝟏𝟓 𝒄 𝒅
3 4 𝑝=2 𝑤𝑥𝑦𝑧 𝒙 = ? 7
3𝑐
=5 𝑑 𝒙= ?
𝒘𝒚𝒛 𝟐 𝒂𝒃

𝑤𝑥 𝒚𝒙 2 𝑝𝑞𝑥 𝟕 𝒓𝒔
4
𝑧
=𝑦 𝒙 =? 814 𝑟 = 𝒙=?
𝒘 𝑠 𝒑𝒒
Multi-Choice
Question
Which is the most efficient first step to
rearrange the following equation to
make
the subject?

𝑥+2=3 𝑦3𝑥=𝑦−23𝑥=𝑦+2 𝑥+ 2=
𝑦
3
Multi-Choice
Question
Which is the most efficient first step to
rearrange the following equation to
make the subject?

𝑥 𝑏6 𝑥
6+𝑥=𝑎𝑏 𝑎
=𝑏 − 66 + 𝑥= + =𝑏
𝑎𝑎 𝑎
Multi-Choice
Question
Which is the most efficient first step to
rearrange the following equation to
make the subject?

𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
=𝑏𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎𝑏 =𝑥
𝑎 𝑏 𝑥 𝑎𝑏
Multi-Choice
Question
Which is the most efficient first step to
rearrange the following equation to
make the subject?

9𝑥=5−𝑧 𝑧 + 𝑥=
5
9 𝑧=5−9𝑥9𝑥=5+𝑧
Multi-Choice
Question
Which is the most efficient first step to
rearrange the following equation to
make the subject?

𝑏𝑦=4𝑎𝑥 𝑦
=
𝑥 𝑏𝑦
4𝑎 𝑏 4𝑎
𝑦 𝑎𝑥
=𝑥 =
4 𝑏
Multi-Choice
Question
Which is the most efficient first step to
rearrange the following equation to
make the subject?

𝑎
2
=𝜋 𝑥
𝑎
2𝜋
=𝑥 𝑎−2=𝜋𝑥𝑎−2𝜋=𝑥
Multi-Choice
Question
Which is the most efficient first step to
rearrange the following equation to
make the subject?

𝑎𝑥=𝑑+𝑏𝑐 𝑏𝑐 𝑑
𝑥− =
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎𝑥−𝑏=𝑑+c𝑎𝑥−𝑐=𝑑+𝑏
Changing the Subject with More Complex
Terms
Rearrange the following Rearrange the following
formula to make the subject: formula to make the subject:

3 𝑦 − 𝑧=4 𝑥 3 𝑦 − 𝑤 𝑧 =4 𝑥
3

In this formula, only What is the same and However, here the
what is different
3 𝑦 − 𝑧=4 𝑥
the variable is
being subtracted about these two
3
entire3 term is being
3 𝑦 − 𝑤 𝑧 =4 𝑥
subtracted from
3
+𝑧 ↓
from ↓+ 𝑧 questions?+𝑤 𝑧 ↓ ↓+𝑤 𝑧
3 𝑦=4 𝑥+ 𝑧 Both formulae
follow the same 3 𝑦=4 𝑥+ 𝑤 𝑧
3

structure ÷3↓ ↓÷3

÷3↓ ↓÷3
𝟑
𝟒 𝒙+𝒛 𝟒 𝒙+ 𝒘 𝒛
𝒚= 𝒚=
𝟑 𝟑

These two formulae can be rearranged in

the same way because we can add,
subtract, multiply or divide by terms, as
well as variables.
Example Test Your
Understanding
Rearrange the following Rearrange the following
formula to make the subject: formula to make the subject:

𝑠=5 𝑝𝑞𝑟 + 𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 − 4=3 𝑒

We can apply the inverse
operations of terms as well as
variables when changing the
𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 − 4=3 𝑒
subject +4↓ ? ↓+ 4
𝑠=5 𝑝𝑞𝑟 + 𝑡
−𝑡 ↓ ↓ −𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑=3
? 𝑒+4
𝑠 −𝑡 =5 𝑝𝑞𝑟 ÷ 𝑎𝑏𝑑 ↓ ? ↓ ÷ 𝑎𝑏𝑑
÷ 5 𝑞𝑟 ↓ ↓ ÷5 𝑞𝑟 𝟑 𝒆+ 𝟒
𝒔 −𝒕 𝒄=
?
𝒑= 𝒂𝒃𝒅
𝟓 𝒒𝒓
As is being
multiplied by & ,
we can divide
through by
Example Test Your
Understanding
Rearrange the following Rearrange the following
formula to make the subject: formula to make the subject:
2 4
2 𝑠𝑡 −3 𝑟 =𝑣 2 𝑎 =5 𝑏𝑐𝑑 +3 𝑒𝑓
4
We can add the term to
both sides of the
2 𝑎 =5 𝑏𝑐𝑑 +3 𝑒𝑓
2 formula −3 𝑒𝑓 ↓ ? ↓ −3 𝑒𝑓
2 𝑠𝑡 −3 𝑟 =𝑣 4
+3 𝑟 ↓
2
↓+3 𝑟
2
2 𝑎 −3 𝑒𝑓 =5? 𝑏𝑐𝑑
2
2 𝑠𝑡=𝑣 +3 𝑟 ÷ 5 𝑏𝑑 ↓ ? ↓ ÷5 𝑏𝑑
÷2𝑡↓ ↓ ÷ 2𝑡 𝟒
𝟐 𝟐 𝒂 − 𝟑 𝒆𝒇
𝒗 + 𝟑𝒓 𝒄= ?
As is being 𝒔= 𝟓 𝒃𝒅
multiplied by
& , we can
𝟐𝒕
divide through
by
Example Test Your
Understanding
Rearrange the following Rearrange the following
formula to make the subject: formula to make the subject:
3 𝑤 +2 𝑥𝑦 7 𝑎𝑏+ 𝑓𝑥
2
=7 𝑧 2
=3
𝑟 𝑠 2𝑐 𝑑

3 𝑤+2 𝑥𝑦 7 𝑎𝑏+ 𝑓𝑥
2
=7 𝑧 2
=3
𝑟 𝑠 2𝑐 𝑑
2 2
2
×𝑟 𝑠 ↓ ↓ ×𝑟 𝑠 2 ×2 𝑐 𝑑 ↓ ? ↓ ×2 𝑐 𝑑
2
3 𝑤+ 2 𝑥𝑦 =7 𝑟 𝑠𝑧
2 7 𝑎𝑏+ 𝑓𝑥=6
? 𝑐𝑑
−3 𝑤 ↓ ↓ −3 𝑤 − 𝑓𝑥 ↓ ? ↓ − 𝑓𝑥
2
2
2 𝑥𝑦=7 𝑟 𝑠𝑧 − 3𝑤 7 𝑎𝑏=6 𝑐 𝑑 − 𝑓𝑥
?

÷2𝑥 ↓ ↓÷2𝑥 ÷ 7 𝑎 ↓? ↓ ÷7 𝑎
𝟐
𝟐
𝟕 𝒓 𝒔𝒛 − 𝟑 𝒘 𝟔 𝒄 𝒅 − 𝒇𝒙
𝒚= 𝒃= ?
𝟐𝒙 𝟕𝒂
Example Test Your
Understanding
Rearrange the following Rearrange the following
formula to make the subject: formula to make the subject:
2 7
𝑥 +7 𝑦 𝑧 2 𝑎𝑏 𝑐 − 𝑒
−6=0 3
− 𝑓 =0
3𝑤 5𝑔
7
𝑥 +7 𝑦 2 𝑧 2 𝑎𝑏 𝑐 − 𝑒
−6= 0 − 𝑓 =0
3𝑤 5𝑔
3

+6 ↓ ↓ +6 +𝑓 ↓ ? ↓+ 𝑓
2
𝑥 +7 𝑦 𝑧 2 𝑎𝑏 𝑐 − 𝑒
7
=6 ? =𝑓
3𝑤 5𝑔
3
×3 𝑤 ↓ ↓ ×3 𝑤
×5 𝑔 ↓
3
? ↓ × 5 𝑔3
2
𝑥+ 7 𝑦 𝑧 =18 𝑤 7
2 𝑎𝑏 𝑐 ?−𝑒=5 𝑓 𝑔
3
−𝑥↓ ↓−𝑥 +𝑒 ↓ ? ↓ +𝑒
7 𝑦 2 𝑧 =18 𝑤 − 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑏?7 𝑐=5 𝑓 𝑔3 +𝑒
2 2
÷7 𝑦 ↓ ↓ ÷7 𝑦 ÷ 2 𝑏 𝑐 ↓?
7
↓ ÷ 2𝑏 𝑐
7

𝟏𝟖 𝒘 − 𝒙 𝟑
𝒛= 𝟓 𝒇 𝒈 +𝒆
𝟕𝒚
𝟐 𝒂=
? 𝟕
𝟐𝒃 𝒄
 Show

Mini-Exercise 3 all
solutio
ns

Make the subject of the

following:
7+ 𝑥 𝑤𝑦+ 2 𝑥 𝟑 𝒖𝒛 − 𝒘𝒚
1 𝑐= 𝒙=𝒂𝒃𝒄
? −𝟕 5 =3 𝑢 𝒙= ?
𝑎𝑏 𝑧 𝟐

2
𝟐
𝒃 𝒄 +𝟓 𝒚 4 𝑤𝑥 − 2 𝑦 𝟓 𝒒𝒛 +𝟐 𝒚
2 𝑎𝑥 −5 𝑦=𝑏 𝑐 𝒙 = ? 6 =5 𝑞 𝒙 = ?
𝒂 𝑧 𝟒𝒘

𝟐 𝒏 −𝒎
𝟐 𝟐
8 𝑥 𝑧+3 𝑦 𝟏𝟎 𝒕𝒘 −𝟑 𝒚
3 2 𝑛2=𝑚2 +𝑎𝑥 𝒙 = ? 7 − 2=0𝒙= ?
𝒂 5 𝑡𝑤 𝟖𝒛

8 [NZQA L1 Maths and Stats

𝟑 91027/2 Sep 2019 Q3ai]
3 𝒓 −𝟕 𝒕
4 2 𝑥𝑢+7 𝑡 =𝑟 𝒙 = ?
𝟐𝒖 Give the equation for in terms
of , , and .
𝒈+ 𝟐 𝒇
𝒅= ? 𝟐
𝒆
Subject in the Denominator
When the subject is in the We can apply the same technique
numerator of a fraction, we if the subject is in the denominator,
know how to ‘release’ it from the but it may require a bit more work!
fraction.
Make the subject of the Make the subject of the
formula 𝑥 formula 3𝑎
𝑦= 𝑦=
3𝑎 𝑥
We also need to
𝑥 multiply through 3𝑎
𝑦= by the 𝑦=
3𝑎 denominator 𝑥
×3 𝑎 ↓ ↓ ×3 𝑎 ×𝑥↓ ↓×𝑥

𝒙 =𝟑 𝒂𝒚 𝑥𝑦 = 3 𝑎
÷𝑦↓ ↓÷ 𝑦
We multiply by the
denominator to 𝟑𝒂
release the subject 𝒙=
𝒚
We can now
rearrange to
make the
subject as
before
Example Test Your
Understanding
Make the subject of the Make the subject of the
formula 𝑏−𝑑 formula 𝑦 −𝑧
𝑎= 𝑥=
𝑐 𝑤
Here, we need to to release the
subject from the denominator 𝑦 −𝑧
𝑥=
𝑤
𝑏−𝑑
𝑎= ×𝑤 ↓ ? ↓ ×𝑤
𝑐
×𝑐 ↓ ↓ ×𝑐 𝑤𝑥 = 𝑦
? −𝑧

𝑎𝑐 =𝑏 − 𝑑 ÷ 𝑥↓ ? ↓÷𝑥
÷ 𝑎↓ ↓÷𝑎 𝒚−𝒛
𝒘=?
𝒃−𝒅 𝒙
𝒄=
𝒂

drfrost.org/ 201d
s/
Example Test Your
Understanding
Make the subject of the Make the subject of the
formula 𝑓 −2𝑔 formula
2+𝑤
3
2 𝑒= 2
𝑦 𝑧=
h𝑗 7𝑥
Here, we need to multiply by the 3
entire term to release the 2 2+𝑤
subject from the denominator 𝑦 𝑧=
7𝑥
𝑓 −2𝑔 ×7 𝑥 ↓ ? ↓ ×7 𝑥
2 𝑒= 2 3
h𝑗 7𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 =2+
? 𝑤
× h𝑗 ↓ ↓ ×h𝑗 ÷7 𝑦2𝑧 ↓ 2
? ↓ ÷7 𝑦 𝑧
𝟑
2 𝑒h𝑗= 𝑓 − 2 𝑔 𝟐+ 𝒘
𝒙= ? 𝟐
÷ 2 𝑒𝑗 ↓ ↓ ÷ 2𝑒𝑗 𝟕𝒚 𝒛
𝒇 −𝟐 𝒈
As is being 𝒉=
multiplied by
& , we can
𝟐 𝒆𝒋
divide through drfrost.org/ 201d
by s/
Quickfire Questions
Make the subject of the following
formulae:
𝑦+𝑧 𝑏 − 2𝑐
2
a 𝑤= b 3 𝑎=
𝑥 𝑥
𝒚 +𝒛
𝒙= ? 𝒃 𝟐 −𝟐 𝒄
𝒘
𝒙= ?
𝟑𝒂
3 𝑓 −2 𝑔 2+ 4 𝑙
7
c 𝑑 𝑒= d
2
𝑗 𝑘=
h𝑥 5𝑥
𝟕
𝟑 𝒇 −𝟐 𝒈 𝟐+𝟒 𝒍
𝒙= ? 𝒙= ? 𝟐
𝒅𝒆 𝒉 𝟓 𝒋 𝒌
Wait a second!
You are correct Imani –
In each case we are
but this shortcut will only
just swapping the work when there is only
subject on the a single term on the
denominator with the denominator. In other
term on the its own in cases, we need to carry
Imani the other side of the out more steps.
Mrs Clark
Method Comparison
Basma and Hannah have both correctly rearranged to
make the subject of: 2
𝑞 𝑟 −7
2 𝑝= 2
3𝑠 𝑡
2 2
𝑞 𝑟 −7 𝑞 𝑟 −7
2 𝑝= 2
2 𝑝= 2
3𝑠 𝑡 3𝑠 𝑡
2
×3 𝑠 𝑡 ↓
2
↓ ×3 𝑠 𝑡 ×𝑡 ↓ ↓ ×𝑡
2
2
6 𝑝2𝑠 𝑡=𝑞 𝑟 − 7
2 𝑞 𝑟 −7
2 𝑝𝑡 = 2
÷6𝑝 𝑠 ↓ ↓÷6𝑝 𝑠
2
3𝑠
𝒒𝟐 𝒓 −𝟕 ÷2𝑝↓ 𝟐
↓ ÷ 2𝑝
𝒕= 𝒒 𝒓 −𝟕
𝟔 𝒑 𝒔𝟐 𝒕= 𝟐
𝟔𝒑𝒔

Basma Hannah
What is the same? What is
different?
Which method do you prefer?
Why?
 Show

Mini-Exercise 4 all
solutio
ns

Make the subject of the

following:
𝑧 𝒛 2 2𝑤 − 𝑧 𝟐𝒘 −𝒛
1 𝑦 = 𝒙=? 5 𝑦 = 𝒙= ?
𝑥 𝒚 3𝑥 𝟑 𝒚𝟐

𝑏 −1 𝒃 −𝟏 2 𝟐
𝟑 𝒔 𝒕 +𝟓 𝒒
2 =𝑎 𝒙= ? 6 3 𝑠 𝑡 +5 𝑞 =2𝑡 2 𝒙 = ? 𝟐
𝑥 𝒂 2𝑥 𝟒𝒕

𝑝=
𝑞 𝒒 𝑒3 𝑓 − 1 𝟑
𝒆 𝒇 −𝟏
3 2 𝒙= ? 7 𝑎𝑏= 𝒙= ?
𝑥 𝟐𝒑 2 𝑐𝑑𝑥 𝟐 𝒂𝒃 𝒄𝒅

3𝑟 𝒓
2
3 𝑟 𝑠 +𝑡 𝟑 𝒓
𝟐
𝒔 +𝒕
4 =6 s 𝒙 =? 8 =4 𝑢𝑣 𝒙 = ?
𝑥 𝟐𝒔 2
2𝑢 𝑥 𝟖 𝒖𝟑 𝒗
Fractions need to be fully
simplified:
Dealing With a Negative Subject
How do you think
Make the subject of…
you would
I really likeanswer
Imani’s
this question?
method, as you
don’t need to deal 𝑦 =3 − 𝑥
with a negative
subject!
Your method will
work too, Viktor. But
it is not the most Easy, just subtract
efficient - you will from both sides
need an extra step! and then is the Vikto
subject! r

Are you sure, Viktor? That

will leave you with as the
Professor subject, which isn’t the
Who do
Cheng same as . you agree
I think you need to start
by adding to both sides. with?
Imani This will make the
subject positive.
Dealing With a Negative Subject
Let’s look at Imani’s method first...
Make the subject of…

𝑦 =3 − 𝑥
𝑦 3−𝑥
𝑦 =3 − 𝑥
+𝑥↓ ↓+ 𝑥
Imani
𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥 =3
𝑥𝑦 3 −𝑥 − 𝑦↓ ↓−𝑦
𝒙 =𝟑 − 𝒚 Here Imani has

−𝑦
added to both
sides, in order
to make the

𝑥𝑦 3− 𝑦
subject
positive, before
continuing to
rearrange
Dealing With a Negative Subject
Now let’s look at Viktor’s…
Make the subject of…

𝑦 =3 − 𝑥

𝑦 =3 − 𝑥
𝑦 3 −𝑥
Vikto −3 ↓ ↓ −3
r 𝑦 − 3=− 𝑥
𝑦 −3 −𝑥

With Viktor’s current

method, he will end up with
as the subject, which is not The variable needs to be
correct positive to be the
subject.
Dealing With a Negative Subject
As Professor Cheng said, it is possible for Viktor to continue his working to
get the correct solution.
She added some more working to his solution to show him one method.
Make the subject of…

𝑦 =3 − 𝑥
Can you explain
my steps to
Viktor?
𝑦 =3 − 𝑥
−3 ↓ ↓ −3 Vikto
r
The subject here is
being multiplied
𝑦 − 3=− 𝑥
by , so Viktor could ÷ ( − 1) ↓ ↓ ÷ (− 1)
divide all terms on
both sides by to − 𝑦 +3= 𝑥
make the subject
𝒙 =𝟑 − 𝒚
How else could Viktor
fix this?
Dealing With a Negative Subject
Consider both methods… Which method do you prefer?
Why?
Make the subject of…

𝑦 =3 − 𝑥

𝑦 =3 − 𝑥 𝑦 =3 − 𝑥
−3 ↓ ↓ −3 +𝑥↓ ↓+ 𝑥
Imani
Vikto 𝑦 − 3=− 𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥 =3
r ÷ ( − 1) ↓ ↓ ÷ (− 1) − 𝑦↓ ↓−𝑦
− 𝑦 +3= 𝑥 𝒙 =𝟑 − 𝒚
𝒙 =𝟑 − 𝒚

With Viktor’s method, student’s often make

mistakes! So it is best to make the subject
positive by using the additive inverse, like Imani
has done.
Example Test Your
Understanding
Make the subject of the Make the subject of the
formula
𝑎=𝑏− 𝑐 formula 2
𝑥=3 𝑧 − 𝑦
Add the subject to both sides
to make it positive first, if
2
possible 𝑥=3 𝑧 − 𝑦
𝑎= 𝑏− 𝑐 + 𝑦↓ ? ↓+ 𝑦
+𝑐 ↓ ↓+𝑐 2
𝑥+ 𝑦 =3 𝑧 ?
𝑎 +𝑐= 𝑏 −𝑥↓ ? ↓−𝑥
− 𝑎↓ ↓ −𝑎 𝟐
𝒚 =𝟑 𝒛 − 𝒙
?
𝒄=𝒃 − 𝒂

drfrost.org/ 201e
s/
Example Test Your
Understanding
Make the subject of the Make the subject of the
formula 1 2
formula
2
9 𝑎 𝑏𝑐=12 𝑑 𝑒 − 𝑓
8
𝑝 𝑟 =𝑞 − 𝑠
2
1 2 2 8
𝑝 𝑟 =3 𝑞 − 𝑠 9 𝑎 𝑏𝑐=12 𝑑 𝑒 − 𝑓
2
+𝑠↓ ↓+ 𝑠 +𝑓 ↓ ? ↓+ 𝑓
2 8
1 2 9 𝑎 𝑏𝑐+ 𝑓 =12
? 𝑑𝑒
𝑝 𝑟 +𝑠= 3 𝑞
2 − 9 𝑎2 𝑏𝑐 ↓ ↓−9𝑎
?
2
𝑏𝑐
1 2 1 2
− 𝑝 𝑟↓ ↓− 𝑝 𝑟 𝟖 𝟐
2 2 𝒇 =𝟏𝟐
? 𝒅𝒆 − 𝟗𝒂 𝒃𝒄
𝟏 𝟐
𝒔=𝟑 𝒒 − 𝒑 𝒓
𝟐
Remember, we can
subtract entire terms
from both sides drfrost.org/ 201e
s/
Example Test Your
Understanding
Make the subject of the Make the subject of the

3 𝑎=𝑏 −2 𝑐
formula formula
5 𝑥 −7 𝑧=2 𝑦
Add the term containing the
negative subject first, if
possible 5 𝑥 −7 𝑧=2 𝑦
3 𝑎=𝑏 −2 𝑐 +7 𝑧 ↓ ? ↓+7 𝑧
+2 𝑐 ↓ ↓+2 𝑐
3 𝑎 +2 𝑐=𝑏
5 𝑥=2
? 𝑦 +7 𝑧
−2 𝑦 ↓ ? ↓ −2 𝑦
−3 𝑎↓ ↓ −3 𝑎
5 𝑥 −2 𝑦=7
? 𝑧
2 𝑐=𝑏 − 3 𝑎 ÷7↓ ? ↓ ÷7
÷2↓ ↓÷2
𝟓 𝒙 −𝟐 𝒚
𝒄=
𝒃−𝟑𝒂 𝒛= ?
𝟐 𝟕
Here we
have the drfrost.org/ 201e
additional s/
Example Test Your
Understanding
Make the subject of the Make the subject of the
formula 𝑐 −𝑎𝑏 formula 1− 𝑦𝑧
𝑑= 3 𝑤=
3 𝑥
Here we cannot first as it is trapped
in the fraction, we first need to 1− 𝑦𝑧
3 𝑤=
𝑐 − 𝑎𝑏 𝑥
𝑑= × 𝑥 ↓? ↓×𝑥
3
×3 ↓ ↓ ×3 3 𝑤𝑥=1
? − 𝑦𝑧
3 𝑑=𝑐 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑦𝑧 ↓ ? ↓+ 𝑦𝑧
+ 𝑎𝑏 ↓ ↓+𝑎𝑏 3 𝑤𝑥+ 𝑦𝑧
? =1
3 𝑑+ 𝑎𝑏=𝑐 −3 𝑤𝑥 ↓ ? ↓ −3 𝑤𝑥
−3 𝑑 ↓ ↓ −3 𝑑 𝑦𝑧=1
? − 3𝑤𝑥
𝑎 𝑏=𝑐 −3 𝑑 ÷ 𝑧 ↓? ↓÷𝑧
÷ 𝑎↓ ↓÷𝑎 𝟏 −𝟑 𝒘𝒙
𝒄−𝟑𝒅 𝒚 ?=
𝒃= 𝒛
𝒂
 Show

Mini-Exercise 5 all
solutio
ns

Make the subject of the

following: 𝟐
𝑑=𝑏 − 𝑥 𝟑−𝒂
1 𝒙 =𝒃? − 𝒅 5 𝑎 2=3 −𝑝𝑥 𝒙= ?
𝒑

2− 𝑥
2 𝑏 − 𝑥=𝑐
2 𝒙=𝟐?𝒃− 𝒄 6
𝑟
=2 𝑠 𝒙=𝟐 −𝟐
? 𝒔𝒓

𝟒
2 2 𝟐 𝟐 𝑎𝑏− 2 𝑥 4 𝒂𝒃 −𝟐 𝒄 𝒅
3 𝑚 − 𝑥=𝑛 𝒙=𝒎? −𝒏 7
𝑐
=2 𝑑 𝒙= ?
𝟐

3 5 2 𝟐 𝟑 𝟓 3 𝑎𝑏 3 − 2 𝑐 𝟖+𝟐 𝒄 − 𝟑 𝒂 𝒃
𝟑
4 𝑝 𝑞 𝑟=12𝑡 − 𝑥𝒙=𝟏𝟐 𝒕 −
? 𝒑𝒒 𝒓 N
𝟐
=1 𝒙 = ?
2 8 − 𝑑𝑥 𝒅
 Show
(Available as a separate
Mixed Exercise worksheet)
all
solutio
ns

1 Make the subject of each: 3 [CCEA GCSE June 2014 Unit T6 Paper
1 Higher Q9a]
a 𝑦 +2 𝑥=𝑛 𝒏− 𝒚 𝒚 −𝒕
𝒙= ?
𝟐
Make the subject in 𝒙= ?
𝒌
b 𝑑=𝑏 − 𝑥 𝒙=𝒃
? −𝒅
4+ 𝑥 4 Make the subject of each:
c 𝑎= 𝒙=𝟑?𝒂−𝟒
3
2 𝑎 +𝑏𝑦 𝟐𝟒 𝒄𝒅 −𝟐 𝒂
2 a 4 𝑑= 𝒚= ?
d 7 𝑏𝑐 =3 𝑎 − 𝑥 𝒙=𝟑 𝒂?𝟐 − 𝟕 𝒃𝒄 6c 𝒃
2 𝟐
𝑐 𝒄 2 𝑎𝑏𝑐 𝑦 2 𝟗 𝒅𝒆 𝒇
e 𝑎𝑏 =
2
𝒙= ? b =6 𝑐𝑓 𝒚=?
𝑥 𝒂𝒃
𝟐
3 𝑑𝑒 𝒂𝒃𝒄
𝟓 2
3𝑎 𝑐−2𝑑𝑒
2 𝟐
𝟑 𝒂 𝒄 −𝟐 𝒅 𝒆
𝟐
f 5=𝑎𝑏𝑥 𝒙 =? 3
c 2 𝑓 𝑔= 𝒚= ?
𝒂𝒃 2 𝟓
7𝑓 𝑦 𝟏𝟒 𝒇 𝒈
𝑤𝑥 𝒚𝒛
g =𝑦 𝒙 =? 4 𝑎𝑏𝑑 −3 𝑐 7 𝑦
𝟐
𝟒 𝒂𝒃𝒅+𝟐𝟏 𝒆 𝒇 𝒈
𝑧 𝒘 +3=0 𝒚 =
d 2 5 ? 𝟕
𝒃 −𝟑 𝒂 7𝑒 𝑓 𝑔 𝟑𝒄
h 3 𝑎=𝑏−2 𝑥 𝒙= ?
𝟐
2 [CCEA GCSE Summer 2019 M7 P1 Q9, CCEA GCSE Summer 2019 M6 P1
Q10]
Rewrite to make the subject. 𝒚 =𝟓? −𝒙
Give your answer in its simplest form.