ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS (EE201)

Chapter Two

Circuit Elements
 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
There are Five ideal basic circuit elements:
voltage sources, current sources, resistors, inductors, and capacitors

We discuss the characteristics of voltage sources, current sources

Chapter Two
“active elements “ and resistors “Passive element “
We discuss the characteristics of inductors, and capacitors
Chapter Six
“Passive elements “
The electrical source is a device that is capable of converting nonelectric energy to electric
energy and vice versa.
 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT SOURCES
Example: Local utility supply

An ideal voltage source is a circuit element that maintains a

prescribed voltage across its terminals regardless of the current flowing
in those terminals

Chapter Six

An ideal current source is a circuit element that maintains a

prescribed current through its terminals regardless of the voltage across
those terminals.
 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT SOURCES
An ideal dependent (or controlled) source:
Is an active element in which the source quantity is controlled by
another voltage or current.
Chapter Two
There are four possible types of dependent sources, namely
Chapter Six
1. A voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS).
2. A current-controlled voltage source (CCVS).
3. A voltage-controlled current source (VCCS).
4. A current-controlled current source (CCCS).
 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT SOURCES
An example of current-controlled voltage source (CCVS)

This is a current-controlled voltage source where the voltage 10i of the

voltage source depends on the current i through element C
Resistors and Ohm’s Law
 RESISTORS
(OHM’S LAW)
Resistance is the capacity of materials to impede the flow of current.

Chapter Two

The amount
Chapter Six of resistance depends on the material. Metals such as copper and aluminum have
small values of resistance, making them good choices for wiring used to conduct electric
current.
We must reference the current in the resistor to the terminal voltage

Ohm's law OR
 RESISTORS
(OHM’S LAW)
Ohm's law is the algebraic relationship between voltage and current for
a resistor
The reciprocal of the resistance is referred to as conductance, is symbolized by the letter
G, and is measured in Siemens (S)

We may calculate the power at the terminals of a resistor in several ways

1
 EXAMPLE: OHM’S LAW
In the circuits shown in the Figures:
a) Calculate the values of v and i.
b) Determine the power dissipated in each resistor.
Kirchhoff’s Laws
 KIRCHHOFF'S LAW

A circuit is said to be solved when the voltage across and the current in every element have
been determined
Ohm's law is an important equation for deriving such solutions. However, Ohm's law may
not be enough to provide a complete solution

So we need to use two more important algebraic relationships, known as Kirchhoff's laws,
to solve most circuits
 KIRCHHOFF'S LAW
KCL

In this circuit we have inserted nodes. Terminal dots are the

start and end points of an individual circuit element. A node
is a point where two or more circuit elements meet. It is
necessary to identify nodes in order to use Kirchhoff's current
law
A
KIRCHHOFF'S LAW
KCL
 KIRCHHOFF'S LAW

Kirchhoff's current law (KCL) : The algebraic sum of all the currents at any
node in a circuit equals zero.
Chapter Two
To use Kirchhoff's current law, an algebraic sign corresponding to a reference direction must
be assigned to every current at the node
Assigning a positive sign to a current leaving a node requires assigning a negative sign to a
current entering a node
Or, giving a negative sign to a current leaving a node requires giving a positive sign to a
current entering a node
 KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS
KCL

Hint : we consider currents leaving a node are considered positive

node a node b

node c node d
 KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS
KVL

Before we can state Kirchhoffs voltage law, we must define a closed path or loop. Starting
at an arbitrarily selected node, we trace a closed path in a circuit through selected basic
circuit elements and return to the original node without passing through any intermediate
node more than once
So this circuit has only one closed path or loop. For
example, we form the closed path by moving through nodes
d, c, b, and back to node a

Kirchhoffs voltage law (KVL) : The algebraic sum of all the voltages
around any closed path in a circuit equals zero.
 KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS
KVL

To use Kirchhoffs voltage law, we must assign an algebraic sign (reference direction) to
each voltage in the loop. As we trace a closed path, a voltage will appear either as a rise or
a drop in the tracing direction.
Assigning a positive sign to a voltage rise requires assigning a negative sign to a voltage
drop. Or, giving a negative sign to a voltage rise requires giving a positive sign to a voltage
drop.
assigning a positive algebraic sign to voltage drops.
Starting at node d leads to the expression
 KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS
KVL

If you know the current in one of the elements, you also know it in the second element.
In other words, you need define only one unknown current for the two elements when just
two elements connect at a single node, the elements are said to be in series
 EXAMPLE: KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS
Sum the currents at each node in the circuit shown in the Figure.
Solution
In writing the equations, we use a positive sign for a current
leaving a node. The four equations are
 EXAMPLE: KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS
(a) Use Kirchhoff’s laws and Ohm’s law to find io in the circuit shown in the Figure.
(b) Show that the total power generated is equal to total power dissipated.
 EXAMPLE: KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS
By applying Kirchhoff's current law to node b.
Summing the currents at node b and assigning a
positive sign to the currents leaving the node gives
Using KCL at node b

From Ohm's law

we sum the voltages around the closed path c a b c to obtain

Using KVL at mesh 1

After solving the two equations we will find that

 EXAMPLE: KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS

&
1 2

The power delivered to the 120 V source is & The power delivered to the 6 A source is
3

By summing 1 & 2 & 3 we will find that the 6 A source is delivering 900 W, and the 120 V
source is absorbing 360 W. The total power absorbed is 360 + 450 + 90 = 900 W. Therefore,
the solution verifies that the power delivered equals the power absorbed.
 EXAMPLE: CIRCUITS WITH DEPENDENT SOURCES

Analysis of a Circuit Containing Dependent Sources

 EXAMPLE: CIRCUITS WITH DEPENDENT SOURCES

Now we need to generate a second equation containing these two currents. There are three
nodes in the circuit, so we turn to Kirchhoffs current law KCL to generate the second
equation. We select node b to produce the following equation:
From the two equations we will find that
 EXAMPLE: CIRCUITS WITH DEPENDENT SOURCES
From the Figure shown in the slid:
(a) Use Kirchhoff's laws and Ohm’s law to find the
voltage Va
(b) Show that the power developed is equal to
the power dissipated.

(a)We need two equations for the two currents. Because there are two closed paths and both
have voltage sources we can apply Kirchhoffs voltage law to each path and get
EXAMPLE: CIRCUITS WITH DEPENDENT SOURCES

The resistors all dissipate power,

and the total power dissipated is
21.7 W, equal to the total power
developed in the sources.
 EXAMPLE: VOLTAGE AND CURRENT SOURCES
Using the definitions of the ideal independent voltage and current
sources, state which interconnections in below Figures are Valid and
which is not valid

Chapter Six
Connection is valid. Connection is not valid.
Each source supplies voltage across the same Each source supplies voltage across the
pair of terminals, marked a,b. This requires that same pair of terminals, marked a,b.
each source supply the same voltage with the This requires that each source supply the
same polarity, which they do. same voltage with the same polarity,
which they do not.