BASIC CIVIL AND MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING

Mrs. G. ANUSHA M.Tech(Phd)

Assistant Professor Department of
Mechanical Engineering
VIEW(A), Duvvada
 SYLLABUS (Part-A)
Unit-I:
Basics of Civil Engineering: Role of Civil Engineers in Society- Various Disciplines
of Civil Engineering- Structural Engineering- Geo-technical Engineering-
Transportation Engineering - Hydraulics and Water Resources Engineering -
Environmental Engineering-Scope of each discipline - Building Construction and
Planning- Construction Materials-Cement - Aggregate - Bricks- Cement concrete-
Steel. Introduction to prefabricated construction techniques.

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 Course Objectives

 Get familiarized with the scope and importance of Civil

and Mechanical Engineering in different sectors and industries.

 Introduce the preliminary concepts of Building Planning,

Building
Construction, Materials and the related tests.

 Acquire preliminary knowledge of surveying and understand

the importance of the quality of the drinking water.

 Explain different engineering materials and manufacturing processes.

 Provide an overview of different thermal and mechanical

systems,
introduce basics of robotics and its applications.
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 Course Outcomes

On completion of the course, the student should be able to:

 Understand various sub-divisions of Civil Engineering and
to appreciate their role in ensuring better society.
 Know the concepts of surveying and to understand the measurement of

distances, angles and levels through surveying.

 Realize the importance of Transportation in nation's economy and the

engineering measures related to highways in terms of geometrics.

 Understand the importance of water resources and storage structures so

that the social responsibilities of water conservation will be

appreciated.
 Understand the different manufacturing processes and explain the

basics of thermal engineering and its applications.

 Describe the working of different mechanical power transmission

systems and power plants; learn basics of robotics.

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 Basic Civil Engineering – Unit-1
◻ Role of Civil Engineers in Society
◻ Various Disciplines of Civil Engineering
◦ Structural Engineering
◦ Geo-technical Engineering
◦ Transportation Engineering
◦ Hydraulics and Water Resources Engineering
◦ Environmental Engineering
◦ Building Construction and Planning
◻ Scope of each discipline
◻ Construction Materials
◦ Cement
◦ Aggregate
◦ Bricks
◦ Cement concrete
◦ Steel
◻ Introduction to prefabricated construction techniques.
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Who is the Creator?

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 What is mean by Civil Engineering
 A professional engineering discipline that deals with the design,

construction, and maintenance of the physical and naturally built

environment.

 Including public works such roads, bridges, canals, dams,

pipelines, structural components of
as airports, sewage systems,
buildings, and railways.

 Second oldest branch after Military Engineering.

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 What is the Role of Civil Engineer
 Planning, Designing, Estimation, and Execution of Structures
 Development of infrastructure.
 Surveying
 For the treatment of water, to check the water quality and to distribute

the water to the public.

 For the treatment of waste water before disposal
 To carryout soil investigation for design of foundations of structures.
 For traffic management to avoid accidents.
 To construct roads for the smooth travelling of vehicles.
 To invite tenders and select contractor for works.
 To supervise the works during execution and to ensure progress of
work.
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 Various Disciplines of Civil Engineering
 Structural Engineering
 Transportation Engineering
 Geotechnical Engineering
 Water Resources Engineering
 Environmental Engineering
 Construction Technology and Management
 Remote Sensing (RS) & Geographical Information Systems
(GIS)
 Town Planning

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 Structural Engineering
 Primarily concerned with designing and constructing buildings and
structures that are safe and capable of withstanding the elements to
which they will be exposed, as well as improving the structural
integrity of existing buildings.
 To carryout structural design of the structure by selecting the type of
material like concrete or steel and fixing the size and shape of various
structural components like slab, beam column etc.

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 Transportation Engineering
 Constructing structures related to the transportation engineering
like roads, railways, bridges, tunnels, ports, harbours, runways and
airports.
 It also includes geometric design of highways, traffic engineering
and
study of highway materials.

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 Geotechnical Engineering
 Constructing several types of foundations like simple footing, well
foundation, pile foundation, coffer dams and foundations of machines
subjected to vibrations is the main scope of geotechnical engineering.
 It further includes constructing tunnels, earthen dams, earth work for
highways and railways. It also includes soil investigation and soil
testing.

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 Water Resources Engineering
 Constructing structures relating to water resources engineering like
dams, barrages, canals, canal structures and hydro power station.
 It also includes irrigation methods, water shed management, rain
water harvesting, soil conservation, open channel hydraulics,
flow measurement, hydrology, flood control and water power
engineering.

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 Environmental Engineering
 Constructing structures relating to public health engineering like units
of water treatment plant (like intake rapid sand filter etc.), water
distribution network, under ground sump, over head tank, units
of waste water treatment plant (like primary settling tank,
activated sludge unit, etc.) sewer age and drainage system and
pumping stations.
 It also includes pollution control and solid waste collection from the
town and its disposal.

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 Town Planning
 Planning of the town by zoning of the land, planning road
network, planning other services like water supply and drainage.
 Preparing master plan of town planning schemes and
regulating
construction by building byelaws.

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 Construction Technology & Management
 The construction management scope of work typically includes

project planning, coordination, and control.

 It may also include budgeting, scheduling, quality control, and safety

management.
 The construction manager is responsible for ensuring that the project

is completed on time, within budget, and to the required standards.

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 RS & GIS
 GIS helps in explaining and predicting the events on earth, remote

sensing is an art and science of measuring the earth with the help of
sensors.
 Specialists may also find employment at consulting firms, software

development firms, and scientific laboratories, where they are

expected to improve technologies, software, or data analysis
techniques.

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 Building Materials
 Water
 Aggregates
 Cement
 Concrete
 Steel
 Bricks

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 Coarse Aggregates
 Aggregates plays an important role in any structure construction.
 Aggregates role is very crucial in pavement construction.
 Aggregates influence, to a great extent, the load transfer capability of

pavements.
 Not only that aggregates should be strong and durable, they should

also possess proper shape and size to make the pavement

act monolithically.
 Aggregates are tested for strength, toughness, hardness, shape, and

water absorption.
 Two types: Coarse aggregates and fine aggregates.

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 FINE AGGREGATE

Definition: Sand is an inorganic Material which is sharp, angular and

round grains of silica.
Types of sand:
◻ Natural sand: It freely available in nature.

 River sand
 Pit sand
 Sea Sand
◻ Artificial sand: obtained by crushing stones and gravel into powder.

Functions of sand:
◻ Reduce the shrinkage of binding material.

◻ Prevents development of cracks in the mortar after drying.

◻ Helps in hardening of fat lime.

◻ Making mortars of desired grade.

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 Tests on Aggregates
S.No. COARSE AGGREGATE FINE AGGREGATE
1 Crushing test Sieve analysis test
2 Impact Test Specific gravity test
3 Abrasion Test Bulking of sand test
4 Specific gravity and Water absorption test
5 Shape test
6 Soundness test
7 Bitumen adhesion test
8 Sieve analysis

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 Tests on Aggregates
S.No. COARSE AGGREGATE FINE AGGREGATE
1 Crushing test Sieve analysis test
2 Impact Test Specific gravity test
3 Abrasion Test Bulking of sand test
4 Specific gravity and Water absorption test
5 Shape test
6 Soundness test
7 Bitumen adhesion test
8 Sieve analysis

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 Aggregates properties
 Shape of aggregate
 Flakiness
 Elongation
 Strength: Resistance to deformation
 Crushing- Strength
 Impact - Toughness
 Abrasion – (Hardness)Resistance Wearing And tearing
 Soundness: Durability of material
 Adhesion: Adhering properties of aggregates with binding
material.
 Gradation:
 Poorly graded
 Well graded
 Gap graded
 Bulking
 Specific gravity
 Water absorption

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Shape
tests

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GRADATIO
N

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STRENGTH
TEST

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 CEMENT
◻ Cement is a fine, soft, powdery-type substance. It is made from a
mixture of elements that are found in natural materials such as lime
stone, clay, sand and/or shale.
◻ When cement is mixed with water, it can bind sand and gravel into
a hard, solid mass called concrete.
◻ The cement is obtained by burning at a very high temperature of a
mixture of calcareous(Limestone or Chalk) and argillaceous
materials(Shale or clay).
◻ Joseph Aspdin manufactured cement and called it Portland cement
because, when it hardened, it resembles a stone quarried near
Portland, United Kingdom.
◻ Among all the cements available in the market, Ordinary Portland
cement is the most commonly used cement for Civil Engineering
purpose.

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 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CEMENT
◻ The raw materials used for the manufacture of cement consist
mainly of lime, silica, alumina and iron oxide.
◻ These oxides interact with one another in the kiln at high
temperature to form more complex compounds.
◻ The relative proportions of these oxide compositions are
responsible for influencing the various properties of cement, in
addition to rate of cooling and fineness of grinding.

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 FUNCTIONS OF CEMENT INGRADIENTS
◻ LIME(CaO):
◦ Major ingredient of cement.
◦ Excess quantity makes the cement Unsound
◦ If it is less, it decreases the strength and allows the cement to set
quickly.
◻ SILICA(SiO2):
◦ It is an important ingredient which gives strength to cement.
◦ If it is in excess allows the cement to set slowly.
◻ ALUMINA(Al2O3):
◦ This imparts quick setting time to the cement.
◦ If it is in excess quantity weakens the cement.
◦ It also lowers the temperature of clinkers.

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 FUNCTIONS OF CEMENT INGRADIENTS
◻ IRON OXIDE(Fe2O3):
◦ It helps the fusion of the raw materials during burning state.
◦ It gives colour, strength and hardness to cement.
◻ MAGNESIUM OXIDE(MgO):
◦ This ingredient, if present in small amounts, imparts hardness and
colour to cement.
◦ If in excess quantity, weakens the cement.
◻ SULPHUR TRIOXIDE(SO3):
◦ A very small quantity is required in the manufacturing of cement.
◦ If it is in excess, it makes the cement unsound.
◻ ALKALIES:
◦ A small quantity is required.
◦ Alkalies and other impurities present in raw materials are carried by
the flue gases during heating.
◦ If it is in excess quantity efflorescence is caused.
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 TYPES OF
◻
CEMENT
We have around 14 types of cements in the present
scenario. They are as follows
1. Ordinary Portland cement(OPC)
2. Rapid hardening cement(RHC)
3. Extra Rapid Hardening cement(ERHC)
4. Low Heat Cement(LHC)
5. Blast Furnace slag cement
6. Portland pozzolana cement(PPC)
7. Sulphate Resistant Cement(SRC)
8. Super Sulphate Cement
9. White Portland Cement
10. High Alumina Cement
11. Hydrophobic Cement
12. Masonry Cement
13. Air Entraining cement
14. Expanding Cement

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 LABORATORY TESTS ON CEMENT

1. Fineness of cement.
2. Consistency of cement
3. Setting times of cement
4. Soundness of cement
5. Compressive strength of
cement
6. Specific gravity of cement.

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 LABORATORY TESTS ON CEMENT

1. Fineness of cement.
2. Consistency of cement
3. Setting times of
cement

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 LABORATORY TESTS ON CEMENT

1. Soundness of cement

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 LABORATORY TESTS ON CEMENT

5. Compressive strength of cement:

 Tested at any 3 stages
 3 days
 7 days
 28 days

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Morta
r It is a mixture of binding material,
◻

adulterant and water.

◻
Binding material: Cement, or lime, clay
◻
Adulterant: sand
◻
Types of mortar based on material
◦ Cement mortar
◦ Lime mortar
◦ Mud mortar

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 CONCRET
It is a mixture of cement, Fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and
E
◻

water.
◻ The various stages in the production of concrete are as
follows:
1. Batching
2. Mixing
3. Transportation
4. Placing
5. Compaction
6. Curing
◻ Concrete is mixed with design proportion by using Indian standard,
British Standards etc.
◦ Example: 1:2:4
◦ It means 1 part of cement : 2 parts of fine aggregate(Sand): 4
parts of Coarse aggregate(Stones)
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Properties of concrete
◻
Workability
◻
Compaction factor
◻
Compressive
strength

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 STEE
◻
L
The material used for the reinforcement purpose in concrete.
◻ The steel is having high resistance to tensile loads.
◻ Test done steel are:
1. Tensile test
2. Compressive test
◻ Types of steels
(a) Mild steel
(b) High
carbon
steel and
(c) High
tensile
steel.
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Cont
. 0.055% of Sulphur and 0.55% of phosphorus.
◻ Mild steel: It contains a maximum of 0.25% carbon,

◦ Properties of Mild Steel:

(i) It is malleable and ductile
(ii) It is more elastic
(iii) It can be magnetized permanently.
(iv) Its specific gravity is 7.8.
(v) Its Young’s modulus is 2.1 × 105 N/mm2.
(vi) It can be welded easily.
(vii) It is equally strong in tension and in compression.
◦ Uses of Mild Steel:
(i)Round bars are extensively used as reinforcement in
R.C.C. works.
(ii) Rolled sections like I, T, L, C, plates etc. are used to
build steel
columns, beams, trusses etc.
(iii) Tubular sections are used as poles and members of
trusses.
(iv) Plain and corrugated mild steel are used as roofing
materials. 41
Cont
. High Carbon Steel: The carbon content in this steel is 0.7% to 1.5%.
◻

◦ Properties of Carbon Steel:

(i) It is more tough and elastic compared to mild steel.
(ii) Welding is difficult.
(iii) It can be magnetized permanently.
(iv) It is stronger in compression than in tension.
(v) It withstands shocks and vibrations better.
◦ Uses of High Carbon Steel:
(i) It is used for making tools such as drills, files, chisels.
(ii) Many machine parts are made with high carbon steel since it
is capable of withstanding shocks and vibrations.
◻ High Tensile Steel: It contains 0.8% carbon and 0.6% manganese.
The strength of this steel is quite high. High tensile steel wires are
used in pre-stressed concrete works.

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 BRICK
S
Brick is one of the oldest building material used in the
◻

construction
industry.
◻ Most commonly used bricks are clay bricks
◻ Size of bricks
◦ 19x9x9 Cm – Without mortar
◦ 20x10x10 Cm – With mortar
◻ Egyptians were the probably the first to use the burnt clay bricks.
◻ Preparation of bricks(Clay Bricks):
◦ Preparation of clay
◦ Moulding: Hand or Machine
◦ Drying: Moisture content Should be less than 2% before
burning.
◦ Burning: at clamps or Kilns, at an >11000C
◻ Types of Bricks:
◻ Bricks can be broadly divided into two types they are; 1) Unburnt Brick 2)Burnt
Brick
◻ The burnt bricks further classified into 4 types They are as follows.
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◦ Class-I, Class-II, Class-III, and Class-IV.
TYPES OF BRICKS

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TYPES OF BRICKS

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 TESTS ON BRICKS
◻ Water absorption test:
 <20% for the 1st class brick
 <22.5% for the 2nd class bricks
 < 25% for the 3rd class bricks
◻ Crushing strength test:
◦ Not less than 10.5N/mm2 for the 1st class bricks
◦ Not less than 7.5N/mm2 for the 2nd class bricks
◻ Hardness test:
◦ Scratch is made on the brick surface with finger or nail.
◻ Soundness test:
◦ Two brick are struck with each other, the bricks should not
break and a clear ringing sound should be produced.

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 BUILDING PLANNING
AND
CONSTRUCTION
◻ Building Planning is the arrangement of various components or
units of a building in a systematic manner so as to form a
meaningful and homogeneous structure to meet its functional
purpose.
◻ Factors Affecting Building Planning
The following are the factors affecting the planning of the
building,
1. The function of the building e.g. residential, industrial, public,
commercial, etc.
2. Shape and size of the plot
3. Topography
4. Climatic condition
5. Building by-laws etc.

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 PRINCIPLES OF
BUILDING
• These principlesPLANNING
are not as rigid as laws of nature,
certain deviations from these principles are necessary
and inadequacies in them are to be met with by an
individual.
• Basic principles of building planning

1. Aspect 5. Grouping 10. Flexibility

2. Prospect 6. Circulation 11. Economy
3. Furniture 7. Sanitation 12. Practical
Requirement 8. Elegance Consideratio
s 9. Privacy n
4. Roominess

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 PRINCIPLES OF BUILDING
PLANNING
1. Aspect
Aspect is the positioning of rooms in buildings concerning 4
directions in such a way that the occupants of buildings would
enjoy the natural comforts like sunshine, breeze, scenery, etc.
to the maximum possible extent.

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 PRINCIPLES OF BUILDING
PLANNING
2.Prospect: Prospect in building planning is the view desired by
the occupants of the building from certain of the house.

3.Furniture Requirements: Furniture is a functional

requirement of a room. A living room, drawing room, kitchen,
classroom, office room, laboratory, hospital room, etc. all have
their own furniture requirements.

4.Roominess: Roominess is obtained by getting the

maximum benefit from the minimum dimension of a room
without cramping the plan. By using every nook and corner of the
building advantage of roominess is derived.

5. Grouping: Grouping in building planning means setting different

rooms of a building according to their inter-relationship of invitation
and transition. The rooms are arranged in the layout in a proper
correlation of their functions and in due proximity to each other. 53
 PRINCIPLES OF BUILDING
PLANNING
6.Circulation: Access or internal connection between rooms on
the same floor or between floors is known as circulation.
Circulation between rooms on the same floor is called horizontal
circulation like- passages, corridors, halls, etc. Circulation between
various floors is known as vertical circulation, like- stairs, lifts, etc.

7.Sanitation: Sanitation of the building is not only associated

with urinals, bathrooms, washbasins, and sinks but also the
overall lighting and ventilation.

8.Elegance: Elegance is the overall effect produced by elevation

and general layout of the plan of a building. To get good elegance of
a building it is better if elevation is developed first and then the plan
is adjusted accordingly.
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 PRINCIPLES OF BUILDING
PLANNING
9.Privacy: Privacy is an important part of building
planning. Privacy may be from one part to another of the same
building or could be from neighboring buildings, streets, etc.

10.Flexibility: Flexibility means planning the rooms in such a

way that though originally designed for a specific purpose, may be
used for other purposes also when desired.

11.Economy: The economy is a major factor in building

planning. To fit the proposed scheme within the limitations of the
resources and funds certain alterations and omissions in the original
plan have to make.

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 PRINCIPLES OF BUILDING
PLANNING
12.Practical Consideration: Besides all the Principles
of planning discussed, the following practical points should
be additionally considered,
• The strength, stability, convenience, and comfort of the
occupants of the building, should be considered first.
• Provisions for future extensions without dismantling should be
made in the planning.
• The building should be strong and capable to withstand the
likely adverse effects of natural agencies (earthquake, flood,
storm, etc.)
• Elevations should be simple yet attractive. Too many porches
may give good elevation for some time, but in the end, simple
designs fit better for generations.
• The larger size of the room should always be considered as far
as possible as it can be shortened by providing partitions but
smaller rooms cannot be enlarged easily. 53
 OUTLINE THE BASIC RULES
OF CONSTRUCTION AS PER
Here are some basic rules ofVAASTHU
construction as per Vaasthu:
◻ Direction: The plot and construction should face north or east.
◻ Shape: The plot should be square or rectangular.
◻ Space: More space should be provided in the east and north compared to
west and south of the complex.
◻ Balcony: Balcony towards north, east and northeast are preferable.
◻ Kitchen: Kitchen is advisable in south east or northwest but never in
northeast.
◻ Master bedroom: Master bedroom should be in the Southwest of
the house.
◻ Living room: Living room should be located in the north, east,
or northeast direction of the house.
◻ Cooking stove: Cooking stove should be kept towards the east to ensure
good health and prosperity for the dwellers.
◻ Staircase: It is advisable to have the staircase built towards the south,
west, and southwest side of the house.
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ThANK YOU

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