Scribd
Upload
2 views

Lecture-1

The document provides an introduction to statistics, covering the definition and types of variables, measurement processes, and scales of measurement. It explains the distinction between quantitative and qualitative variables, as well as discrete and continuous variables. Additionally, it discusses the applications of statistics in law, including evidence analysis, sentencing, and policy assessment, along with birth rate statistics for Bangladesh from 2021 to 2024.

Uploaded by

Elias Parvez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Lecture-1

The document provides an introduction to statistics, covering the definition and types of variables, measurement processes, and scales of measurement. It explains the distinction between quantitative and qualitative variables, as well as discrete and continuous variables. Additionally, it discusses the applications of statistics in law, including evidence analysis, sentencing, and policy assessment, along with birth rate statistics for Bangladesh from 2021 to 2024.

Uploaded by

Elias Parvez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 32

Introduction to

Statistics

Sanjib Ghosh
Assistant Professor
Department of Statistics
University of Chittagong
Variable and its type:

A variable is a characteristic whose value varies from person to person, object


to object or from phenomenon to phenomenon.

Example: Age, income, hair color, family size, profession etc.


Measurement: Measurement is a process of assigning
numbers to some characteristics or variables or events
according to scientific rules.
In research, measurement is concerned with assigning
value of the qualitative object. It is the process by which
empirical data are organized in some systematic
relationship to the concept being studied.
Measurement is at the heart of any discipline. For
example, we want to measure how much an employee is
satisfied with his job.
Scale of Measurement:

These variables can be measured under four levels or scales of measurement.


The measurement scales are:

1. Nominal scale 2. Ordinal scale 3. Interval scale 4. Ratio scale

Scale of Mathematical operations Examples


measurement
Nominal Classification & Counting Gender, Religion
Ordinal Classification, Counting & Ranking Economic Status
Interval Classification, Counting, Ranking,Addition, Temperature, IQ
Subtraction & Zero is not absolutely zero score
Classification, Counting, Ranking, Age, Family size
Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication,
Division & Zero is absolutely zero
Quantitative variable: A quantitative variable is one for which the
resulting observations are numeric and thus possesses a natural ordering.
Example: Age, Height Family size etc.

Qualitative Variable: A qualitative variable is one for which


numerical measurement is not possible, such as, hair color, religion,
profession etc. variables may be further classified as discrete or
Quantitative
continuous.

Discrete variable: When a variable can assume only the isolated values
within a given range, the variable is called discrete variable such as
family size, class size etc.

Continuous variable: When a variable can theoretically assume any


value within a given range the variable is said to be continuous variable.
Thus age, height, temperature etc. are continuous variables.
Parameter: Any characteristics or functions or numerical expressions
of population values about which inferences are to be made, is called
parameter.
Statistic: Any characteristics or functions or numerical expressions of
sample values which is known as statistic.
Applications of
Statistics In Law
Statistics are widely used in law to analyze evidence,
support arguments, assess risks, and inform policy
decisions.
Evidence and Expert Testimony
•Statistics often support expert witness testimonies,
especially in cases involving forensic evidence, financial
fraud, or discrimination.

•Statistical analysis can help quantify uncertainties, making


it easier to understand probabilities associated with
evidence, such as DNA matching probabilities in criminal
cases.
Sentencing and Risk Assessment
• Courts use statistics in sentencing decisions to determine recidivism
risks and other factors.

• Statistical risk assessments are also used in parole and probation


decisions to predict an individual's likelihood of reoffending.

Policy Analysis and Impact Assessment


• Lawmakers and regulators use statistical methods to project the
impact of new laws, estimate costs, and assess benefits.
• The current birth rate for Bangladesh in 2024 is 16.405 births per
1000 people, a 2.02% decline from 2023.
• The birth rate for Bangladesh in 2023 was 16.744 births per 1000
people, a 1.89% decline from 2022.
• The birth rate for Bangladesh in 2022 was 17.067 births per 1000
people, a 1.86% decline from 2021.
• The birth rate for Bangladesh in 2021 was 17.391 births per 1000
people, a 1.82% decline from 2020.

You might also like