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GEC 8-Lesson 1 and 2

The document discusses globalization as a process that expands sociocultural and socio-ecological interactions from national to international levels, highlighting its benefits and challenges. It examines the factors driving globalization, including reduced trade barriers and technological advancements, while also addressing the economic, cultural, and political dimensions of globalization. Additionally, it critiques the assumptions underlying globalization and its impact on local economies, particularly in the context of the Philippines.

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Trishia Ann Bornales
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5 views

GEC 8-Lesson 1 and 2

The document discusses globalization as a process that expands sociocultural and socio-ecological interactions from national to international levels, highlighting its benefits and challenges. It examines the factors driving globalization, including reduced trade barriers and technological advancements, while also addressing the economic, cultural, and political dimensions of globalization. Additionally, it critiques the assumptions underlying globalization and its impact on local economies, particularly in the context of the Philippines.

Uploaded by

Trishia Ann Bornales
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GEC 3

The Contemporary
World

Dr. Mark G. Salvador


Professor
Lesson 1
Understanding
Globalization
Globalization – is a process of expanding
various sociocultural and socio-ecological
process from national to international and
transcultural level.

Global Connected Index (GCI) – is a measurement


of flows and interconnections of the country to the
global players through exchanges in trade, capital,
people and information.
Introduction
Globalization has been critical
discourse in the international
arena. There is an increasing
number of books written about
globalization since the end of the
1980s. There are numerous
definitions of globalization, and one
definition tends to focus on the
economic side of globalization.
Extent of Globalization
Globalization has brought many benefits to
businesses, individuals and whole countries, but
the recent backlash has called these into
question. Amid growing tensions, it is vital to
distinguish between perception and reality.
Research reveals that we both over- and
underestimate the extent of globalization.
Getting the facts right can help business and
policymakers identify key challenges and spot
opportunities.
Socioeconomic Changes in
Globalization
Scholte (2005) identifies macro-structural
changes in globalized society such as product
and services integration through commodity
value chains, emerging institutional
arrangements, pluralistic identity, and growth of
supra-territorial relations. Also, he identifies Four
key shifts in society:
• Growth of trans- and supra-
territorial connectivity
• The shift from capitalism to
hyper-capitalism focused on
product
• A move from nationalism towards
identifying pluralism and
hybridity
• From rationalism toward
knowledge reflexivity
Different sources and factors drove globalization.
Factors Driving Globalization
One of the factors that drive globalization is the
reduction of trade barriers. In 1947, richer
countries banded together to reduce taxes on
imports or tariffs under the General Agreement
Tariffs and Trade (GATT) which was later
transformed to the World Trade Organization
(WTO) in 1994. Husain (2011) also identified
modern technology developments as a key driver
of globalization that facilitated faster
communication and access to data or
information. This further promoted the
development of an information society.
Views About
Some authors Globalization
highlight the positive
economic impacts of globalization such as
on the level of employment and balance of
trade. On the other hand, some highlight
the negative impact of globalization,
specifically the inequity among countries
and between the rich and the poor. Some
argues that through globalization and
exponential growth, theoretically, could
reduce poverty, it does not benefit all
nations.
Lesson 2
Interrogating
Globalization
Development paradigms – an idea of
prescibed path to attain development
through certain set of activities, according
to a defined vision.
Globalization has been responsible
Introduction
for remarkable changes in the 20th
century. In understanding it as a
subject, one must examine what
kind of changes are created and the
underlying processes behind these
changes. Furthermore, the pursuit of
globalization operates on several
assumptions that need to be
evaluated.
As a complex change, it permeates
people’s daily realities as well as
the lives of communities and
countries. A deeper analysis is
needed to assess whether the
process and impacts of
globalization are consistent with
development that is sustainable,
just and equitable for the people
and the planet.
Economic, Cultural, and Political
Globalization
Globalization is mainly conceptualized as
intensified tranceference or exchange of things
across existing bounderies. However,
globalization is primarily an economic process,
the drive towards integration of economies
throughout the world. This is achieved through
trading and financial flows across countries’
borders.
Globalization and its accompanying
processes point to a paradigm about
development. Globalization is built on
the belief that development can be
achieved through rapid economic
growth, made possible because of
economic integration. As a growth
oriented model of development, it looks
into GDP an indicator of success.
Flows in the Age of
Globalization
Trading
International trading, or the economic exchanges and
deals between countries, is enable by international fiscal
payments where private banks and central banks of
particular nations play impotant roles
Global trading concerns importation and exportation.

Capital Movement
One manifestation of capital movement is foreign
investments. Foreign investment can be categorized as
commercial loans, official flows or foreign direct investment.
Movement of People
People can migrate to other countries in
search of better employment opportunities. In
the Philipiines, the numner of Overseas Filipino
Workers during the period of April to
September 2018 was estimated at 2.3 million.
Cultural Globalization
Refers to the increasing “contact between
people and their cultures - their ideas, their
values, their ways of life”. This significant
change is getting deeply entrenched in
contemporary society. It is also linked to
globalization of lifestyle such as music, media,
fashion, food, as well as flobalization of
knowledge, science and technology.
Political Globalization
It is the enlargement of the international
political system and its establishments, where
inter-regional dealings, icluding trade, are
managed.
Conventional politics usually happens
within national political spheres. In poltical
globalization on the other hand, political
decision-making can transcend the boundaries
of nations.
Assumptions Behind the Pursuit
Globalization
As a paradigm of development,
globalization operates on certain
assumptions about a desirable economy
and developmet. However, these
assumption must be tested in the real
world. Some critiques regarding the
unreliability of these assumptions are
summarized:
Rapid economic growth will lead to
developmet.
• Economic growth is only one aspect of
development
Trading will bring prosperity.
• Trading
Poor benefits
countries willsome more
benifit thanbarrowed
from others.
funds.
• Borrowing of poor countries are copled with
conditions, which make countries
compromise spending for social services and
welfare.
Poor countries need to catch up with rich
countries by implementing economic
policies towards economic integration.
• It will be difficult for poor countries to catch up
because they are caught in unequal
exchanges
Removal and under
of tariffs, development.
quota can ease globl
trading and will lead to economic
integration.
• Reduction of tariffs in the Philippines since the
1980s led to unfair competition of local
industries with imports.
Institutions and Actors Shaping Economic
Globalization

World Bank
• Facilitate investments of capital for member countires
• Fund large-scale projects by providing loans for
member countries
• Implement the Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs)
for countries borrowing from the World bank.
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• Provide short-term emergency loans.
• Help bring enormous flow of foreign money
through loans and speculative investment.
World Trade Organization (WTO)
• Create rules for global trade and investment
• Aim to reduce tariffs
• Create agreements for member countries
regarding multilateral policies that push
governments to relax regulations on environment,
food safety, and product quality
• Encourage countries to deregulate economies
to make sure that quicker and easier
movement of products, capital, and
trading between countries is achieved
by implementing international policies,
reform, and agreements. One
obejective of global financial and
trading institutions is to enforce
common trading and financial flows
standards and policies to all countries.
Another common goal is to
“deregulate” firms.
Positive Effects of
Globalization

• Increased Income

• More Employment

• Less Poverty
The Effects of Global Trading on the
Philippine Local Economy
Because of enhance global trading, cheap
imported vegetebles flood the local market. Local
consumers and businesses find it cheaper to buy
imported agricultural products tha locally
produced goods. Local producers are unable to
compete with the modern and highly-supported
vegetables production from developed countries
such as China, Australia, New Zealand and the
Netherlands.

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