Chapter 1

Explore the
Network
DFC 20143
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK

Ms Emy Hazlinda bt Mohammad

 Chapter 1.2 – Learning Outcomes

1.2 Discover Network Protocols and Communication

• After completing this chapter, students will be able to:

1.2.1 Explain the purpose of the Cisco IOS

1.2.2 Explain how to access a Cisco IOS device for configuration
purpose
1.2.3 Describe the command structure of the Cisco IOS software
1.2.4 Explain how devices communicate across network media
 Chapter 1.2 – Learning Outcomes

1.2 Discover Network Protocols and Communication

• After completing this chapter, students will be able to:

1.2.1 Explain the purpose of the Cisco IOS

1.2.2 Explain how to access a Cisco IOS device for configuration
purpose
1.2.3 Describe the command structure of the Cisco IOS software
1.2.4 Explain how devices communicate across network media
Cisco IOS Cisco devices use the Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS).
• Although used by Apple, iOS is a registered trademark of Cisco in the U.S. and
Operating System other countries and is used by Apple under license.

• All electronic devices require an operating system.

– Windows, Mac, and Linux for PCs and laptops
– Apple iOS and Android for smart phones and tablets
– Cisco IOS for network devices (e.g., switches, routers, wireless AP, firewall, …).
OS Shell
• The OS shell is either a command-line interface (CLI) or a
graphical user interface (GUI) and enables a user to interface
with applications.

OS Kernel
• The OS kernel communicates directly with the hardware and
manages how hardware resources are used to meet software
requirements.

Hardware
• The physical part of a computer including underlying
electronics.
Cisco IOS
GUI
• A GUI allows the user to interact
with the system using an
environment of graphical icons,
menus, and windows.
• A GUI is more user-friendly and
requires less knowledge of the
underlying command structure that
controls the system.
• Examples of these are: Windows,
macOS, Linux KDE, Apple iOS and
Android.
• GUIs can fail, crash, or simply not
operate as specified. For these
reasons, network devices are
typically accessed through a CLI.
Cisco IOS Access
Purpose of an OS
PC operating system enables a CLI-based operating system enables a
user to do the following: network technician to do the following:
– Use a mouse to make selections and • Use a keyboard to run CLI-based
run programs network programs
– Enter text and text-based commands • Use a keyboard to enter text and text-
– View output on a monitor based commands
• View output on a monitor
Cisco IOS
Purpose of OS
• Using a GUI enables a user to:
– Use a mouse to make selections and run programs
– Enter text and text-based commands

• Using a CLI on a Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS) switch

or router enables a network technician to:
• Configure interfaces
• Enable routing and switching function

• There are many distinct variations of Cisco IOS:

– IOS for switches, routers, and other Cisco networking devices
– IOS numbered versions for a given Cisco networking devices
Cisco IOS
Purpose of OS (Cont.)
• Cisco IOS – Collection of
network operating systems
used on Cisco devices
• All devices come with a
default IOS and feature set. It
is possible to upgrade the
IOS version or feature set.
• An IOS can be downloaded
from cisco.com. However, a
Cisco Connection Online
(CCO) account is required.
Note: The focus of this course
will be on Cisco IOS Release
15.x.
Cisco IOS

Location of the Cisco IOS

• RAM – holds packet buffers, ARP cache, routing table, software

and data structure that allows the router to function; running-
config is stored in RAM, as well as the decompressed IOS in later
router models
• ROM – starts and maintains the router
• Flash memory – holds the IOS; is not erased when the router is
reloaded; is an EEPROM [Electrically Erasable Programmable
Read-Only Memory] created by Intel, that can be erased and
reprogrammed repeatedly through an application of higher than
normal electric voltage
• NVRAM – Non-Volatile RAM – holds router configuration; is not
erased when router is reloaded
Cisco IOS

Location of the Cisco IOS

Cisco IOS stored in Flash
• Non-volatile storage, not lost when power is lost
• Can be changed or overwritten as needed
• Can be used to store multiple versions of IOS
• IOS copied from flash to volatile RAM
• Quantity of flash and RAM memory determines IOS that can
be used
Cisco IOS

IOS Functions

These are the

major
functions
performed or
enabled by
Cisco routers
and switches.
 | Practice |

1. ___________ is term that represents the operating

systems used by Cisco networking devices.

2. ___________ is portion of operating system that

interacts with applications and the user.

3. ___________ is portion of operating system that

interfaces directly with computer hardware.

4. ___________ is a user-friendly interface that provides

an interaction between a user and an OS through a
graphical environment
 Chapter 1.2 – Learning Outcomes

1.2 Discover Network Protocols and Communication

• After completing this chapter, students will be able to:

1.2.1 Explain the purpose of the Cisco IOS

1.2.2 Explain how to access a Cisco IOS device for
configuration purpose
1.2.3 Describe the command structure of the Cisco IOS software
1.2.4 Explain how devices communicate across network media
Cisco IOS Access
Access Methods
• The three most common ways to access the IOS are:
– Console port – Out-of-band serial port used primarily for management
purposes such as the initial configuration of the router.
– Secure Shell (SSH) - Inband method for remotely and securely
establishing a CLI session over a network. User authentication,
passwords, and commands sent over the network are encrypted. As a
best practice, use SSH instead of Telnet whenever possible.
– Telnet – Inband interfaces remotely establishing a CLI session through
a virtual interface, over a network. User authentication, passwords, and
commands are sent over the network in plaintext.

Note: The AUX port is an on older method of establishing a CLI session remotely via a
telephone dialup connection using a modem.
Cisco IOS Access
Access Methods
Cisco IOS Access
Terminal Emulation Program
• Regardless of access method, a terminal emulation
program will be required. Popular terminal emulation
programs include PuTTY, Tera Term, SecureCRT, and OS X
Terminal. Tera Term
 | Practice |

5. ___________ is a physical port of a Cisco device that

provides access to the device via a dedicated
management channel, also known as out-of-band access

6. ___________ is a protocol to establish a remote secure

CLI connection over the network.
 Chapter 1.2 – Learning Outcomes
1.2 Discover Network Protocols and Communication

• After completing this chapter, students will be able to:

1.2.1 Explain the purpose of the Cisco IOS

1.2.2 Explain how to access a Cisco IOS device for configuration purpose
1.2.3 Describe the command structure of the Cisco IOS software
1.2.4 Explain how devices communicate across network media
The Command Structure
Basic IOS Command Structure
• A Cisco IOS device
supports many commands.
Each IOS command has a
specific format or syntax
and can only be executed
at the appropriate mode.

 The syntax for a command is the command followed by any appropriate keywords and arguments.

• Keyword - a specific parameter defined in the operating system (in the figure, ip protocols)
• Argument - not predefined; a value or variable defined by the user (in the figure, 192.168.10.5)
 After entering each complete command, including any keywords and arguments, press the Enter
key to submit the command to the command interpreter.
The Command Structure
IOS Command Syntax Check
A command might require one or more arguments. To determine the keywords and
arguments required for a command, refer to the command syntax.
– Boldface text indicates commands and keywords that are entered as shown.
– Italic text indicates an argument for which the user provides the value.
Convention Description

boldface Boldface text indicates commands and keywords that you enter literally as shown.

italics Italic text indicates arguments for which you supply values.

[x] Square brackets indicate an optional element (keyword or argument).

{x} Braces indicate a required element (keyword or argument).

Braces and vertical lines within square brackets indicate a required choice within an
[x {y | z }]
optional element. Spaces are used to clearly delineate parts of the command.
The Command Structure
IOS Command Syntax Check
(Cont.)
• The command syntax provides the pattern, or format, that must be used when
entering a command.
 The command is ping and the user-defined
argument is the ip-address of the destination
device. For example, ping 10.10.10.5.

 The command is traceroute and the user-

defined argument is the ip-address of the
destination device. For example, traceroute
192.168.254.254.
 If a command is complex with multiple arguments, you may see it represented like this:
The Command Structure
IOS Help Features
• IOS Context-Sensitive
Help:

– Context-sensitive help
provides a list of
commands and the
arguments associated
with those commands
within the context of
the current mode.

– To access context-
sensitive help, enter a
question mark ?, at
any prompt.
The Command Structure
IOS Help Features (Cont.)
• IOS Command Syntax Check:
• The command line interpreter
checks an entered command
from left to right to determine
what action is being requested.
• If the interpreter understands
the command, the requested
action is executed and the CLI
returns to the appropriate
prompt.
• If the interpreter discovers an
error, the IOS generally
provides feedback such as
“Ambiguous command”,
“Incomplete command”, or
The Command Structure
Hot Keys and Shortcuts
• The IOS CLI provides hot keys and shortcuts that make
configuring, monitoring, and troubleshooting easier.
• Commands and keywords can be shortened to the minimum
number of characters that identify a unique selection.
• For example, the configure command can be shortened to conf
because configure is the only command that begins with conf.
– An even shorter version of con will not work because more
than one command begins with con.
– Keywords can also be shortened.
The Command Structure
Hotkeys and Shortcuts
The IOS CLI support the following hotkeys:

• Down Arrow – Allows the user to scroll through command history.

• Up Arrow - Allows the user to scroll backward through commands.
• Tab - Completes the remainder of a partially entered command.
• Ctrl-A - Moves to the beginning of the line.
• Ctrl-E – Moves to the end of the line.
• Ctrl-R – Redisplays a line.
• Ctrl-Z – Exits the configuration mode and returns to user EXEC.
• Ctrl-C – Exits the configuration mode or aborts the current
command.
• Ctrl-Shift-6 – Allows the user to interrupt an IOS process (e.g.,
ping).
The Command Structure
Hot Keys and Shortcuts (Cont.)

• The table below is a brief list of keystrokes to enhance command line

editing.
Keystroke Description

Tab Completes a partial command name entry.

Backspace Erases the character to the left of the cursor.

Left Arrow or Ctrl+B Moves the cursor one character to the left.

Right Arrow or Ctrl+F Moves the cursor one character to the right.

Up Arrow or Ctrl+P Recalls the commands in the history buffer, beginning with
the most recent commands.
 Chapter 1.2 – Learning Outcomes
1.2 Discover Network Protocols and Communication

• After completing this chapter, students will be able to:

1.2.1 Explain the purpose of the Cisco IOS

1.2.2 Explain how to access a Cisco IOS device for configuration
purpose
1.2.3 Describe the command structure of the Cisco IOS software
1.2.4 Explain how devices communicate across network media
Ports and Addresses
IP Addressing Overview
• Each end device on a network (e.g., PCs, laptops,
servers, printers, VoIP phones, security cameras,
…) require an IP configuration consisting of:
– IP address
– Subnet mask
– Default gateway (optional for some devices)

 IPv4 addresses are displayed in dotted decimal

format consisting of:
• 4 decimal numbers 0 and 255
• Separated by decimal points (dots)
• E.g., 192.168.1.10, 255.255.255.0, 192.168.1.1
Ports and Addresses
IP Addresses
• The use of IP addresses is the primary means
of enabling devices to locate one another and
establish end-to-end communication on the
internet.

• The structure of an IPv4 address is called

dotted decimal notation and is represented by
four decimal numbers between 0 and 255.

• An IPv4 subnet mask is a 32-bit value that

differentiates the network portion of the
address from the host portion. Coupled with the
IPv4 address, the subnet mask determines to
which subnet the device is a member.

• The default gateway address is the IP address

of the router that the host will use to access
remote networks, including the internet.
Ports and Addresses
IP Addresses (Cont.)
• IPv6 addresses are 128 bits in length
and written as a string of hexadecimal
values.
• Every four bits is represented by a
single hexadecimal digit; for a total of
32 hexadecimal values.
• Groups of four hexadecimal digits are
separated by a colon “:”.
• IPv6 addresses are not case-sensitive
and can be written in either lowercase
or uppercase.
Note: IP in this course refers to both the IPv4
and IPv6 protocols. IPv6 is the most recent
version of IP and is replacing the more common
IPv4.
Ports and Addresses
Interfaces and Ports
• Network communications depend on end
user device interfaces, networking device
interfaces, and the cables that connect
them.

• Types of network media include twisted-

pair copper cables, fiber-optic cables,
coaxial cables, or wireless.

• Different types of network media have

different features and benefits. Some of the
differences between various types of media
include:
– Distance the media can successfully carry a signal
– Environment in which the media is to be installed
– Amount of data and the speed at which it must be
transmitted
– Cost of the media and installation
Ports and Addresses
Interfaces and Ports
• Cisco IOS Layer 2 switches have physical ports for devices to
connect. However, these ports do not support Layer 3 IP
addresses.

• To remotely connect to and manage a Layer 2 switch, it must be

configured with one or more switch virtual interfaces (SVIs).

• Each switch has a default VLAN 1 SVI.

Note: A Layer 2 switch does not need an IP address to operate. The

SVI IP address is only used to remotely manage a switch.
Configure IP Addressing
Manual IP Address Configuration for End
Devices
• To manually configure an IP address on a Windows host:

Open the Control Panel > Network Sharing Center > Change adapter settings and click on the Configure the IPv4 address and subnet mask
adapter. information, and default gateway and then
click OK.

Right-click on the adapter and select Properties to display the Local Area
Connection Properties window.

Highlight Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and click Properties to open

the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window

Click Use the following IP address to manually configure the IPv4 address
configuration.

Note: Windows 10 manual IPv4 configuration is provided as Supplemental material at the end of this presentation
Configure IP Addressing
Automatic IP Address Configuration for End
Devices
Open the Control Panel > Network Sharing Center > Change adapter
• To assign the IP configurationClickusing
settings and click on the adapter.
Obtain an IP address automatically and click on OK.
a Dynamic Host
Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server:
Right-click on the adapter and select Properties to
display the Local Area Connection Properties
window.

Highlight Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and

click Properties to open the Internet Protocol
Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window

Use the ipconfig Windows Command prompt command to verify a host IP address.
Configure IP Addressing
Switch Virtual Interface

• To remotely manage a switch, it must also be configured with an IP configuration:

– However, a switch does not have a physical Ethernet interface that can be
configured.
– Instead, you must configure the VLAN 1 switch virtual interface (SVI).

 The VLAN 1 SVI must be configured with:

• IP address - Uniquely identifies the switch on the network

• Subnet mask - Identifies the network and host portion in the IP address
• Enabled - Using the no shutdown command.

Use the show ip interface brief privileged EXEC command to verify.

Verifying Connectivity
Interface Addressing
Verification

• The IP configuration on a Windows host is verified using the

ipconfig command.

• To verify the interfaces and address settings of intermediary

devices like switches and routers, use the show ip interface
brief privileged EXEC command.
Verifying Connectivity
End-to-End Connectivity Test

• The ping command can be used to test

connectivity to another device on the network or
a website on the Internet.
 | Practice |
7. ______SVI_____ is a logical interface used to remotely
manage a switch over an IPv4 network.

8. What is the command to verify connectivity between

the source (the device where the command is issued)
and the destination (IP address used as argument) ?
PING

9. What is the windows command that shows the IP

configuration settings on a PC ?
IP config

10. ___TC/IP________ is a protocol that dynamically

leases IPv4 addresses to DHCP-enabled end devices
Chapter 1.2
Summary
• Cisco IOS is a term that encompasses a number of different
operating systems, which runs on various networking devices.

• The services provided by the Cisco IOS are accessed using a

command-line interface (CLI), which is accessed by either the
console port, the AUX port, or through SSH or Telnet.
• After connected to the CLI, network technicians can make
configuration changes to Cisco IOS devices.
• Cisco IOS routers and switches support a similar modal operating
system, support similar command structures, and support many
of the same commands.
• In addition, both devices have identical initial configuration steps
when implementing them in a network.