UNIT II SMART URBAN ENERGY SYSTEMS

Green projects in smart cities

sustainability
green building
Rating system
Energy efficient building
energy saving systems
The infrastructure layer of smart urban energy systems
The services layer of smart urban energy systems
The data/digital layer of smart urban energy systems
 GREEN PROJECTS IN SMART CITIES
• Green projects in smart cities encompass a range of initiatives aimed at promoting
sustainability, reducing environmental impact, and enhancing the quality of life for residents

1.Renewable Energy Integration

2.Energy-Efficient Buildings
3.Sustainable Transportation
4.Waste Management and Recycling
5.Urban Green Spaces
6.Water Conservation and Management
7.Climate Resilience and Adaptation

are essential for promoting sustainable development, reducing carbon emissions, and enhancing
the resilience of urban communities in the face of environmental challenges. By harnessing the
power of technology and innovation, these initiatives contribute to building a more sustainable
and livable future for all.
SUSTAINABILITY
SUSTAINABILITY
• Sustainability in green cities involves implementing practices and
policies that promote environmental, social, and economic well-being
while minimizing the negative impact on the planet.
• Renewable Energy
• Green Building Design
• Public Transportation
• Waste Management
• Urban Green Spaces
• Water Conservation
• Smart Technology
• Community Engagement
• Biodiversity Conservation
• Local and Sustainable Food
• Green Economy
GREEN BUILDING
• Green building -or sustainable building- is the practice of increasing the efficiency with which
buildings and their sites use energy, water, and materials, and of reducing impacts on human health
and the environment for the entire life-cycle of a building.

• Energy Efficiency
• Renewable Energy Integration
• Smart Infrastructure
• Green Materials and Construction
• Water Efficiency
• Waste Management
• Green Roof and Vertical Gardens
• Intelligent Lighting Systems
• Smart Transportation Integration
• Building Automation and Occupancy Comfort
• Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

• By combining the principles of green building with smart city technologies, urban planners and
architects can create more sustainable, resilient, and intelligent urban environments that benefit
both the environment and the well-being of residents.
RATING SYSTEM IN GREEN CITIES
• Rating systems in green cities are essential tools used to evaluate and
measure the sustainability and environmental performance of urban
areas.
• These systems provide a framework for assessing various aspects,
including energy efficiency, resource conservation, and overall
environmental impact.
• They help guide city planning, development, and policy-making to
ensure that cities are on a sustainable path.
RATING SYSTEM IN GREEN CITIES
• LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design):
• LEED for Cities focuses on sustainability at the urban scale, assessing energy usage, water efficiency,
waste management, transportation, and overall quality of life.
• BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method):
• BREEAM Communities assesses the sustainability of large-scale development projects and urban
planning.
• Green Star Communities:
• An initiative by the Green Building Council of Australia, Green Star Communities evaluates the
sustainability of development projects, considering factors like design, liveability, and environmental
impact.
• STAR Communities:
• STAR Communities is a framework used in the United States to measure and certify the sustainability
performance of communities. It considers social, economic, and environmental factors.
• GRESB (Global ESG Benchmark for Real Assets):
• Originally focused on the real estate sector, GRESB evaluates the environmental, social, and
governance (ESG) performance of real assets, including cities and infrastructure.
RATING SYSTEM IN GREEN CITIES
• ISO 37120 - Sustainable Development of Communities:
• Part of the ISO 37100 series, ISO 37120 establishes a set of indicators for measuring the
sustainability of communities, covering aspects like economy, environment, and quality of life.
• C40 Cities Climate Positive Development Program:
• Focused on climate-positive urban development, the C40 Cities network provides guidelines and
metrics for cities to achieve carbon neutrality and resilience against climate change.
• ICLEI's Green Climate Cities (GCC):
• The Green Climate Cities program by ICLEI (Local Governments for Sustainability) helps cities assess
and enhance their climate action and sustainability efforts.
• CityScan:
• Developed by the World Green Building Council, CityScan is a tool that helps cities measure and
track their building performance, energy use, and emissions.
• WELL Community Standard:
• From the International WELL Building Institute, the WELL Community Standard focuses on
promoting health and well-being in urban areas by considering factors like air quality, water quality,
and community engagement.
ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING IN
SMART CITY
ENERGY EFFICIENT BUILDING IN
SMART CITY
• Smart Building Automation Systems
• Energy-Efficient HVAC Systems
• Smart Lighting Solutions
• Renewable Energy Integration
• Energy-Efficient Building Envelope
• Occupancy Sensors and Smart Controls
• Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS)
• Energy-Efficient Appliances and Equipment
• Demand Response Programs
• Energy Monitoring and Analytics
ENERGY SAVING SYSTEMS
ENERGY SAVING SYSTEMS
• LED Lighting Systems:
• Light Emitting Diode (LED) lighting is more energy-efficient and longer-lasting
than traditional incandescent and fluorescent lighting.
• High-Efficiency HVAC Systems:
• Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems account for a
significant portion of a building's energy consumption.
• Smart Thermostats and Building Automation:
• Smart thermostats with programmable features and occupancy sensors enable
precise control of heating and cooling, ensuring that energy is only used when
necessary.
• Building Automation Systems (BAS) integrate various systems, including HVAC,
lighting, and security, to optimize overall building performance and energy
usage.
ENERGY SAVING SYSTEMS

• Energy-Efficient Appliances and Equipment:

• Energy Star-rated appliances and equipment are designed to meet strict energy efficiency standards, reducing
electricity consumption in homes and businesses.
• Energy-efficient office equipment, such as computers and printers, helps minimize energy usage in
workplaces.
• Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems:
• Solar PV systems convert sunlight into electricity, providing a clean and renewable source of energy. These
systems can be installed on rooftops or as part of larger solar farms.
• Occupancy Sensors and Timers:
• Occupancy sensors detect movement in a space and adjust lighting, HVAC, or other systems accordingly to
avoid unnecessary energy consumption in unoccupied areas.
• Timers can be used to control the duration of lighting, heating, or cooling in specific zones.
• Energy Management and Monitoring Systems:
• Energy management systems (EMS) monitor and control energy-consuming devices and systems in real-time.
These systems provide insights into energy consumption patterns and enable proactive energy management.
 INFRASTRUCTURE LAYER OF SMART URBAN ENERGY
SYSTEMS
INFRASTRUCTURE LAYER OF SMART
URBAN ENERGY SYSTEMS
 INFRASTRUCTURE LAYER OF SMART URBAN ENERGY SYSTEMS

• Generation Facilities: This includes traditional power plants (such as natural gas, coal, or nuclear) as well as renewable energy
sources like solar, wind, and hydroelectric power. In smart urban energy systems, there's an increasing emphasis on integrating
renewable energy generation to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and decrease carbon emissions.

• Transmission and Distribution Networks: These networks consist of high-voltage transmission lines and lower-voltage distribution
lines that transport electricity from generation facilities to end-users. Smart technologies, such as sensors and automation
systems, can be implemented to monitor and manage the flow of electricity more efficiently, reducing losses and improving
reliability.

• Grid Modernization Technologies: This encompasses various technologies aimed at modernizing the electrical grid, such as
advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), distribution automation systems, and grid analytics software. These technologies enable
utilities to monitor energy consumption in real-time, detect faults or outages more quickly, and optimize grid operations for better
efficiency and resilience.

• Energy Storage Systems: Energy storage plays a crucial role in balancing supply and demand in smart urban energy systems,
especially with the increasing integration of intermittent renewable energy sources like solar and wind. Battery storage, pumped
hydro storage, and other energy storage technologies can store excess energy when demand is low and discharge it when demand
is high, helping to stabilize the grid and support renewable energy integration.
 INFRASTRUCTURE LAYER OF SMART URBAN ENERGY SYSTEMS

• Distributed Energy Resources (DERs): DERs include small-scale power generation units like rooftop solar panels, small wind
turbines, and combined heat and power (CHP) systems, as well as energy storage systems and demand response
technologies. DERs are typically located close to the point of consumption and can help reduce strain on the grid, improve
energy efficiency, and provide backup power during outages.

• Smart Meters and Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS): Smart meters installed at residential and commercial
premises provide real-time data on energy consumption, enabling consumers to monitor and manage their energy usage
more effectively. Home energy management systems (HEMS) may integrate with smart meters to automate energy-saving
behaviors, such as adjusting thermostat settings or scheduling appliance usage during off-peak hours.

• Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging Infrastructure: With the increasing adoption of electric vehicles, smart urban energy systems
need to incorporate EV charging infrastructure, including public charging stations, workplace charging facilities, and
residential charging units. Smart charging solutions can help manage the impact of EV charging on the grid, optimize
charging schedules to minimize costs, and support vehicle-to-grid (V2G) integration.

• Communication Networks: Robust communication networks, such as fiber-optic, wireless, or power-line communication,
are essential for enabling seamless data exchange and control signals between various components of the smart urban
energy infrastructure. These communication networks facilitate real-time monitoring, control, and optimization of energy
flows, enhancing grid reliability and resilience.
THE SERVICES LAYER OF SMART URBAN ENERGY
SYSTEMS

• Energy Management Systems (EMS): EMS platforms enable utilities, building operators, and
other stakeholders to monitor, control, and optimize energy consumption across various assets
and infrastructure within the urban environment. These systems leverage real-time data from
smart meters, sensors, and other sources to implement demand response strategies, manage
energy use during peak hours, and identify opportunities for efficiency improvements.
• Demand Response (DR) Programs: Demand response programs allow utilities to adjust electricity
consumption in response to supply constraints, grid emergencies, or price fluctuations. Through
advanced communication and control systems, consumers can participate in demand response
events by voluntarily reducing or shifting their electricity usage, contributing to grid stability and
reliability while potentially earning incentives or credits.
• Energy Efficiency Services: Energy efficiency services encompass a range of solutions aimed at
reducing energy waste, improving building performance, and optimizing energy use within urban
environments. These services may include energy audits, retrofits, and upgrades to lighting, HVAC
systems, and other building equipment, as well as the implementation of smart building
automation and control systems for real-time energy management.
THE SERVICES LAYER OF SMART URBAN ENERGY
SYSTEMS

• Predictive Analytics and Maintenance: Predictive analytics technologies analyze historical data, sensor readings, and
other inputs to forecast energy consumption patterns, equipment performance, and potential failures within the
energy infrastructure. By identifying maintenance needs proactively and optimizing asset performance, predictive
analytics can help minimize downtime, reduce maintenance costs, and extend the lifespan of critical infrastructure
components.
• Grid Optimization and Control: Grid optimization and control solutions leverage advanced algorithms and real-time
data to optimize grid operations, manage energy flows, and mitigate grid congestion. These solutions may include
advanced distribution management systems (ADMS), real-time energy market platforms, and grid-edge control
technologies that enable utilities to balance supply and demand, integrate renewable energy resources, and enhance
grid resilience.
• Energy Trading Platforms: Energy trading platforms facilitate peer-to-peer energy trading, virtual power plant (VPP)
aggregation, and participation in energy markets for distributed energy resources (DERs) such as rooftop solar, battery
storage, and demand response assets. These platforms enable consumers to monetize their excess energy production,
participate in grid services, and contribute to the decarbonization of the energy system.
• Customer Engagement and Education: Customer engagement and education initiatives utilize digital communication
channels, mobile apps, and online platforms to empower consumers with information about their energy usage,
conservation tips, and opportunities to participate in energy-saving programs. By promoting awareness and behavior
change, these initiatives can drive greater energy efficiency and sustainability at the individual and community levels.
The data/digital layer of smart urban
energy systems
• The data/digital layer of smart urban energy systems encompasses the collection, processing, analysis, and utilization of
vast amounts of data generated by various components of the energy infrastructure within urban environments. This layer
leverages digital technologies, communication networks, and data analytics to enable real-time monitoring, control, and
optimization of energy resources, facilitating the transition towards more sustainable, efficient, and resilient energy
systems.
• Here's a breakdown of the key components and functionalities within the data/digital layer:
• Sensor Networks: Sensor networks are deployed throughout the urban energy infrastructure to collect real-time data on
energy consumption, grid conditions, environmental factors, and equipment performance. These sensors may include
smart meters, voltage sensors, temperature sensors, humidity sensors, and other monitoring devices that continuously
capture relevant data points.
• Communication Infrastructure: Robust communication infrastructure, such as fiber-optic networks, wireless protocols
(e.g., Wi-Fi, cellular), and power-line communication (PLC) technologies, facilitate the transmission of data between
sensors, control systems, and centralized management platforms. Reliable communication networks enable seamless data
exchange, remote monitoring, and control of energy assets across geographically dispersed locations.
• Internet of Things (IoT) Devices: IoT devices, including smart thermostats, smart appliances, and connected building
automation systems, enable end-users to monitor and manage their energy consumption remotely. These devices are
integrated into the digital ecosystem of smart urban energy systems, providing data insights and enabling automated
energy-saving behaviors.
The data/digital layer of smart urban
energy systems
• Big Data Analytics: Big data analytics platforms process and analyze the large volumes of data generated by sensor networks, IoT devices, and other
sources to derive actionable insights and identify patterns or anomalies in energy consumption, grid operations, and asset performance. Advanced
analytics techniques, such as machine learning and predictive modeling, help utilities and stakeholders make data-driven decisions to optimize energy
usage and enhance system efficiency.

• Edge Computing: Edge computing technologies bring computation and data storage closer to the point of data generation, enabling real-time
processing and analysis of critical data at the network edge. By reducing latency and bandwidth requirements, edge computing enhances the
responsiveness of smart urban energy systems, supporting applications such as demand response, grid optimization, and distributed energy
management.

• Cybersecurity Solutions: Cybersecurity solutions are essential for safeguarding the data, communication networks, and control systems within smart
urban energy systems against cyber threats and unauthorized access. These solutions include firewalls, encryption protocols, intrusion detection
systems, and security analytics platforms that protect critical infrastructure assets and ensure the integrity and confidentiality of data.
• Data Visualization and Dashboards: Data visualization tools and dashboards provide intuitive interfaces for visualizing energy data, performance
metrics, and system status in real-time. These tools enable utilities, operators, and end-users to monitor energy usage, track key performance
indicators, and make informed decisions to optimize energy consumption and achieve sustainability goals.
• Integration Platforms and APIs: Integration platforms and application programming interfaces (APIs) facilitate interoperability and seamless
integration between disparate systems, devices, and data sources within smart urban energy ecosystems. These platforms enable data sharing,
workflow automation, and the development of custom applications or services that leverage the wealth of data available in urban energy systems.
• By leveraging the capabilities of the data/digital layer, smart urban energy systems can harness the power of data analytics, real-time monitoring, and
digital communication to optimize energy usage, improve grid reliability, and enhance sustainability in urban environments. This layer serves as the
foundation for innovation and continuous improvement in the management and operation of energy infrastructure for cities of the future.