JAWAHAR NAVODAYA VIDYALAYA

TAKLI DHOKESHWAR
AHMEDNAGAR

PHYSICAL WORLD
Class XI

Mr. Arindam Dey

PGT Physics
JNV Ahmednagar
 PHYSICAL WORLD
 What is science?
 Branches of science
 What is physics?
 Scope and excitement of physics
 Physics in relation to other branches of Science
 Fundamental forces in nature
 Nature of physical laws.
 Conservation laws
 WHAT IS SCIENCE?
 Science is the study of the nature and behaviour of natural
things and the knowledge that we obtain about them.
 Science consists of observing the world by
watching ,listening, observing and recording.
 Science is curiosity in thoughtful action about the world and
how it behaves.
 BRANCHES OF SCIENCE

SCIENCE

NATURAL PHYSICAL
SCIENCE SCIENCE

CHEMISTR
BOTANY ZOOLOGY PHYSICS
Y
 WHAT IS PHYSICS
PHYSICS:- Physics is the study of matter and
energy, is an ancient and broad field of science. In
general the field aims to analyze and understand the
natural phenomena of the universe.it is often
considered to be the most fundamental science. It
provides a basis for all other sciences.
 Physics is the natural science that studies
matter, its motion and behavior through space
and time, and the related entities of energy
and force.
 PRINCIPAL THRUSTS IN PHYSICS
 There are two principal thrusts in Physics:-
1.Unification 2. Reductionism
 Unification :- Efforts are made to explain different phenomena
in nature on the basis of one or minimum laws. This is principle
of Unification
Example: Phenomena of apple falling to ground, moon
revolving around earth and weightlessness in the rocket, all
these phenomena are explained with help of one Law that is,
Newtons Law of Gravitation.
 Reductionism :- To understand or to derive the properties of a

bigger or more complex system the properties of its simpler

constituents are taken into account. This approach is called
reductionism. It is supposed to be the heart of the Physics.
For example a complex thermo dynamical system can be
understood by the properties of its constituent like kinetic
 SCOPE AND EXCITEMENT OF PHYSICS
The scope of Physics can be divided in to two domains :
1. Macroscopic, 2. Microscopic.
1. Macroscopic domain includes phenomena at the level of Laboratory,
terrestrial and astronomical scales.
2. Microscopic domain includes atomic, molecular and nuclear
phenomena.
 Mesoscopic Physics Recently third domain in between is also thought

of with name Mesoscopic Physics. This deals with group of Hundreds of

atoms.
 Scope of physics is very wide and exciting because it deals with

objects of size as large as Universe and as small as the size of a

nucleus.
 The excitement of Physics is experienced in many fields Like:

(1) Live transmissions through television. (3) Use of Robots.

PHYSICS IN RELATION TO OTHER BRANCHES OF
SCIENCE
Physics in relation to Chemistry.
 The relation between physics and chemistry is represented by
physical chemistry.
 Chemical bonding, atomic number and complex structure can be
explained by physics phenomena of Electrostatic forces.
Physics in relation to Biological Sciences :
 Physics helps in study of Biology through its inventions.
 Optical microscope helps to study bio-samples.
 electron microscope helps to study biological cells.
 X-rays have many applications in biological sciences.
Physics related to other sciences:
 Laws of Physics are used to study different phenomena's in other
sciences like Biophysics, oceanography, seismology ,geology
meteorology etc.
 PHYSICS IN RELATION TO OTHER BRANCHES
OF SCIENCE
Physics in relation with Astronomy:
 Giant astronomical telescope developed in physics are used for observing

planets.
 Radio telescopes have enabled astronomers to observe distant limits of universe.

 The photographic techniques developed in physics helped in the field of

astronomy.
PHYSICS IN RELATION TO TECHNOLOGY
 The study satellites has made it possible to forecast weather very accurately.
 Conversion of heat energy into mechanical work has led us to design heat
engines.
 The study of lever systems has helped to design a large number of very useful
machines.
 Vacuum tubes has led to wireless communication and to design of radio and
television.
 Discovery of X-ray has been found to be immense use in medical sciences
 FUNDAMENTAL FORCES IN NATURE
The forces which we see in our day to day life like muscular, friction,
forces due to compression and elongation of springs and strings, fluid
and gas pressure, electric, magnetic, interatomic and intermolecular
forces are derived forces as their originations are due to a few
fundamental forces in nature. There are large number of forces
experienced or applied. These may be macroscopic forces like
gravitation, friction, contact forces and microscopic forces like
electromagnetic and inter-atomic forces. But all these forces arise from
some basic forces called Fundamental Forces.
1. 3. Strong 4. Weak
2.Electroma
Gravitationa Nuclear Nuclear
gnetic Force
l Force Force Force
 GRAVITATIONAL FORCE
It is the force of mutual attraction between any two objects
by virtue of their masses. It is a universal force as every
object experiences this force due to every other object in
the universe.

Properties:-
1. It is due to Mass of the two bodies.
2. It is always attractive.
3. It operates in all objects of universe.
4. It obeys inverse square law.
5. It is a weak force.
6. It is range is infinite .
7. It is central force.
 ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE
It is the force between charged particles. Charges at rest have
electric attraction (between unlike charges) and repulsion
(between like charges). Charges in motion produce magnetic
force. Together they are called Electromagnetic Force.
Properties :
1. It’s due to stationary or moving Electrical charge.
2. It may be attractive or repulsive.
3. It operates on charged particles .
4. Its range is infinite.
5. It is stronger than gravitational force.
6. It obeys inverse square law.
 STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE
It is the attractive force between protons and neutrons in a
nucleus. It is charge independent and acts equally between
a proton and a proton, a neutron and a neutron, and a
proton and a neutron. Recent discoveries show that protons
and neutrons are built of elementary particles, quarks.
Properties :
1. Operate between Nucleons.
2. It is basically an attractive force.
3. Its range is very short, within nuclear size (10-15 m).
4. It is the strongest force in nature .
5. It is a non-central force.
 WEAK NUCLEAR FORCE
This force appears only in certain nuclear processes such as
the β-decay of a nucleus. In β-decay, the nucleus emits an
electron and an uncharged particle called neutrino.
Properties :
1. Operate within nucleons I.e. elementary particles like
electron and neutrino.
2. It appears during radioactive b decay.
3. Has very short range .
4. In a weak interaction, neutrino acts
as field particle.
 RELATION BETWEEN THE
FUNDAMENTAL FORCES
According to the increasing strength, the fundamental forces
are as follows:
1. Gravitational Force
2. Weak Nuclear Force
3. Electromagnetic Force
4. Strong Nuclear Force
The Relative Strengths are in ratio as –
Fg : Fw : Fe : Fs = 1 : 1025 : 1036 : 1038
 NATURE OF PHYSICAL LAWS
Several quantities do not change with time. These special quantities are conserved
quantities of nature.
1. The total mechanical Energy of a body is constant for motion under conservative
force.
2. Total energy of a system is conserved and it is valid across all domains of nature from
microscopic to macroscopic. Total energy of the universe is believed to be constant.
3. Conservation of Mass was considered another conservation law, till advent of Einstein.
Then it was converted to law of conservation of mass plus energy. Because mass is
converted into energy and vice-versa according to equation E = mc 2 The examples
are annihilation and pair production.
4. Momentum is another quantity which is preserved. Similar is angular momentum of an
isolated system.
5.Conservation of Electric charge is a fundamental law of nature.
The laws of nature do not change with change of space and time. This is known
as symmetry of space and time. This and some other symmetries play a central role in
modern physics. Conservation laws are connected to this.
 CONSERVATION LAWS
 Law of conservation of Energy : According to the general Law of
conservation of energy, the energies remain constant over time and convert
from one form to another.
The law of conservation of energy applies to the whole universe and it is
believed that the total energy of the universe remains unchanged.
 Law of conservation of Mass : This is a principle used in analysis of
chemical reactions. A chemical reaction is basically a rearrangement of atoms
among different molecules.
If the total binding energy of the reacting molecules is less than the total
binding energy of the product molecules, the difference appears as heat and
the reaction is exothermic.
The opposite is true for energy absorbing (endothermic) reactions.
Since the atoms are merely rearranged but not destroyed, the total mass of the
reactants is the same as the total mass of the products in a chemical reaction.
Mass is related to energy through Einstein theory, E = mc2 , where c is the
speed of light in vacuum.
 CONSERVATION LAWS
 Law of conservation of linear momentum :- It states that if no external force acts
on a system, then the total linear momentum of the system always remains constant.
For example:-
 When a bullet is fired from a gun the recoil of the gun can be explained on the basis
of the law of conservation of linear momentum.
 The motion of rockets is also obeyed by the law of conservation of linear momentum.

 Law of conservation of angular momentum :- It states that if no external torque

acts on a system, then the total angular momentum of the system always remains
constant.
For example:-
Ice skater executing a spin