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U1_Ch 4_ Threads

Chapter 4 discusses the importance and benefits of multithreading in modern applications, highlighting that threads allow for more efficient execution of multiple tasks within a process. It outlines different threading models, including many-to-one, one-to-one, many-to-many, and two-level models, along with their advantages and examples of operating systems that implement them. The chapter emphasizes how multithreading enhances responsiveness, resource sharing, economy, and scalability in computing.

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9 views12 pages

U1_Ch 4_ Threads

Chapter 4 discusses the importance and benefits of multithreading in modern applications, highlighting that threads allow for more efficient execution of multiple tasks within a process. It outlines different threading models, including many-to-one, one-to-one, many-to-many, and two-level models, along with their advantages and examples of operating systems that implement them. The chapter emphasizes how multithreading enhances responsiveness, resource sharing, economy, and scalability in computing.

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Mehr Unnissa
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Chapter 4: Threads

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Motivation

 Most modern applications are multithreaded


 Threads run within application
 Multiple tasks with the application can be implemented by
separate threads
 Update display
 Fetch data
 Spell checking
 Answer a network request
 Process creation is heavy-weight while thread creation is
light-weight
 Can simplify code, increase efficiency
 Kernels are generally multithreaded

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.2 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Multithreaded Server Architecture

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.3 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Benefits

 Responsiveness – may allow continued execution if part of


process is blocked, especially important for user interfaces
 Resource Sharing – threads share resources of process, easier
than shared memory or message passing
 Economy – cheaper than process creation, thread switching
lower overhead than context switching
 Scalability – process can take advantage of multiprocessor
architectures

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.4 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Single and Multithreaded Processes

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.5 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
User Threads and Kernel Threads

 User threads - management done by user-level threads library


 Three primary thread libraries:
 POSIX Pthreads
 Windows threads
 Java threads
 Kernel threads - Supported by the Kernel
 Examples – virtually all general purpose operating systems, including:
 Windows
 Solaris
 Linux
 Tru64 UNIX
 Mac OS X

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.6 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Multithreading Models

 Many-to-One

 One-to-One

 Many-to-Many

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.7 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Many-to-One

 Many user-level threads mapped to


single kernel thread
 One thread blocking causes all to block
 Multiple threads may not run in parallel
on muticore system because only one
may be in kernel at a time
 Few systems currently use this model
 Examples:
 Solaris Green Threads
 GNU Portable Threads

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.8 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
One-to-One
 Each user-level thread maps to kernel thread
 Creating a user-level thread creates a kernel thread
 More concurrency than many-to-one
 Number of threads per process sometimes
restricted due to overhead
 Examples
 Windows
 Linux
 Solaris 9 and later

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.9 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Many-to-Many Model
 Allows many user level threads to be
mapped to many kernel threads
 Allows the operating system to create
a sufficient number of kernel threads
 Solaris prior to version 9
 Windows with the ThreadFiber
package

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.10 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
Two-level Model
 Similar to M:M, except that it allows a user thread to be
bound to kernel thread
 Examples
 IRIX
 HP-UX
 Tru64 UNIX
 Solaris 8 and earlier

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition 4.11 Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013
End of Chapter 4

Operating System Concepts – 9th Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne ©2013

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