Formulas and

Functions
 • Cell Styling in Excel
• Introduction to Formulas
• Cell Referencing
• Formula Precedence
Outline • Using formula bar
• Use a name in a formula
• Basic Functions
Cell Styles
Cell Styles
 1. On the Home ribbon click the ‘Cell Styles” button.
2. Select “New Cell Style”
3. Enter the name for the new style.
4. Check off which styles to include in the “Style Includes Area”
5. Click the format button.
6. Apply all the formatting features from the “Format Cells”
dialog box.
7. Click ok and save the style.

Creating a new Style

 • Definition: Explain what a
formula is—a user-defined
calculation or operation in Excel
starting with = (e.g., =A1+A2).
• Basic Arithmetic Operations:
Introduction to • Addition (= A1+A2).

Formulas • Subtraction (= A1-A2).

• Multiplication (= A1*A2).
• Division (= A1/A2).
• Parentheses (= (A1 + A2) * B1) to
control the order of operations
(PEMDAS/BODMAS).
 • Relative References: Adjust
automatically when formulas are
Cell copied (e.g., A1).
• Absolute References: Do not
Referencing: change when copied, denoted
with $ (e.g., $A$1).
 • Adjust automatically when you
Relative copy or move a formula to
another cell.Example: If you
References write =A1 + B1 in cell C1 and
copy it to C2, the formula will
automatically adjust to =A2 + B2.
 • These remain fixed (do not adjust) when the
formula is copied or moved.
Absolute • Denoted by $ before the column letter, row
number, or both.Example:
Reference • $A$1: Both column and row are fixed.
s • A$1: The row is fixed, but the column can
change.
• $A1: The column is fixed, but the row can
change.
 Excel follows the mathematical order of
operations:
1.Parentheses (())
Operations enclosed in parentheses are
calculated first.
Formula 1. Example: =(2 + 3) * 4 results in 20, not 14.
Precedence - Order 2.Exponents (^)
of Operations Exponential calculations (power) are performed
next.
(PEMDAS/BODMAS
1. Example: =3^2 results in 9.
Rule)
3.Multiplication (*) and Division (/)
These are performed from left to right.
1. Example: =8 / 4 * 2 results in 4, not 1.
4.Addition (+) and Subtraction (-)
These are performed last, also from left to
right.
1. Example: =10 - 2 + 3 results in 11.
 Avoid Errors in Precedence

1 2 3
Always use Break down Use the Formula
parentheses complex formulas Evaluator tool (in
when in doubt. into smaller parts the Formulas
for clarity. tab) to step
through
calculations.
 • A constant is a value that is not
calculated. For example, the date
10/11/2025, the number 210, and the
text "Quarterly Earnings" are all
constants.
Constant • An expression, or a value resulting
from an expression, is not a constant.
Values • If you use constant values in the
formula instead of references to the
cells (for example, =30+70+110), the
result changes only if you modify the
formula yourself.
 • Using the Formula Bar
• Click on the cell under the Total Cost column (e.g., F2 for
John).

Using formula bar • In the Formula Bar, enter the formula to calculate the
total:
• Formula: =B2+C2+D2+E2
• Press Enter to calculate the total.

Item Other Installation

Name Tax
Price Charges Charges
John 1500 150 100 200
Alice 2000 200 150 250
Bob 2500 250 200 300
Emma 1800 180 120 220
Liam 2200 220 180 270
Using formula bar

• Using the Formula Bar

• Click on the cell under the Item Other Installatio
Name Tax
Total Cost column (e.g., F2 for Price Charges n Charges
John).
John 1500 150 100 200
• In the Formula Bar, enter the
formula to calculate the total: Alice 2000 200 150 250

• Formula: =B2+C2+D2+E2 Bob 2500 250 200 300

• Press Enter to calculate the Emma 1800 180 120 220
total.
Liam 2200 220 180 270
Use a name in a formula

• A "name" in Excel is a meaningful, user-friendly alias for a cell, range of

cells, constant, or formula. Instead of referencing cells like A1:B10, you
can name the range (e.g., SalesData) and use it in formulas.
• Improved Readability: Formulas like = TotalSales - Expenses are
easier to understand than =SUM(A1:A10) - B2.
• Ease of Maintenance: Updating the named range automatically
updates all formulas using that name.
• Error Reduction: Names reduce the likelihood of referencing the wrong
cells.
 • Using the Name Box:
• Select the cell or range you want to
name.
• Click in the Name Box (left of the formula
bar).
• Type a name (e.g., SalesData) and press
Enter.
• Using the "Define Name" Dialog Box:
Use a name in • Go to Formulas → Define Name.

a formula • Enter the name, range, and description if

needed.
• Click OK.
• Using "Create from Selection":
• If your range already has headers, select
the range (including headers).
• Go to Formulas → Create from
Selection.
• Select how the names should be defined
(e.g., Top Row, Left Column).
Use a
name in a
formula
Use a name in a formula
Use a name in a formula
Use a name in a formula
Using Names
Effectively
• Using Names Effectively
• Avoid spaces in names (use underscores _
if needed, e.g., Quarter_1).
• Keep names descriptive and intuitive.
• Use the Name Manager (Formulas →
Name Manager) to view, edit, or delete
names.
Copying Functions and Formulas

• When copying a function or a formula, the cell references will automatically be

adjusted as part of the process. All of the standard copy methods are available.
When the fill handle is used to copy a function or formula to an adjacent cell or
cells, the copy behavior will occur by default.
 • A function is a predefined
computational task (a built-in formula)
which serves to make our lives much
easier.
• In a function, you supply information
(called parameters) and the function
will output a result based on the
Basic parameters. There can be zero, one, or
more parameters input into a function.
Functions In Excel
• These parameters are separated by
commas. Thus, the format of a function
is:
• = FUNCTION( Parameter1,
Parameter2, … )
Simple Mathematical Functions

• Some simple functions available to us are listed below, and each requires a
range of cells passed in as a parameter (remember ranges are denoted by a
colon, i.e. A1:C4). The 'SUM' function will add up all the numbers in the
range, the 'AVERAGE' function will find the average, the 'COUNT' function
will count the number of non-empty cells in the range, and the 'MIN' and
'MAX' will return the minimum and maximum values in the range.
• =SUM(range)
• =AVERAGE(range)
• =COUNT(range)
• =MIN(range)
• =MAX(range)
 Functions Types

MATHEMATICAL TEXT FUNCTIONS: LOGICAL

FUNCTIONS: FUNCTIONS:
Functions Types

• Mathematical Functions:
• =SUM(A1:A10) – Adds a range of numbers.
• =AVERAGE(A1:A10) – Calculates the average of a range.
• Logical Functions:
• =IF(A1>50, "Pass", "Fail") – Returns "Pass" if the condition is true,
otherwise "Fail".
• =AND(A1>0, B1<100) – Returns TRUE if all conditions are true.
• Text Functions:
• =CONCAT(A1, B1) – Combines text from two or more cells.
• =LEN(A1) – Returns the length of a text string.
 =SUM(range)

=AVERAGE(range)

Simple
Mathematical =COUNT(range)
Functions
=MIN(range)

=MAX(range)
Formulas and Functions
 • round
• ceiling
Other • floor
Functions • int
• mod
• rand
 • ROUND(A2,2) → Rounds the
number in A2 to 2 decimal places.
• CEILING(A2, 0.1) → Rounds
A2 up to the nearest multiple of
0.1.
• FLOOR(A2, 0.1) → Rounds
A2 down to the nearest multiple
of 0.1.

Examples • INT(A2) → Returns the integer

part of A2 (removes the decimal).
• MOD(A2,3) → Returns the
remainder when A2 is divided by
3.
• RAND() → Generates a random
number between 0 and 1.
 Logical Functions

AND(LOGICAL1, OR(LOGICAL1, NOT(LOGICAL) – RETURNS

LOGICAL2, ...) – RETURNS LOGICAL2, ...) – RETURNS THE OPPOSITE OF A LOGICAL
TRUE IF ALL CONDITIONS TRUE IF AT LEAST ONE VALUE.
ARE MET. CONDITION IS MET.
Thank You