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Chapter 29: Vertebrates Part1

Chordates are characterized by four key features during development: notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, and post-anal tail. Vertebrates evolved from jawless fish, progressing through various forms including jawed fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, each adapting to different environments. Mammals are distinguished by features such as hair, mammary glands, and varying reproductive strategies, with humans appearing approximately 200,000 years ago.

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15 views35 pages

Chapter 29: Vertebrates Part1

Chordates are characterized by four key features during development: notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, and post-anal tail. Vertebrates evolved from jawless fish, progressing through various forms including jawed fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, each adapting to different environments. Mammals are distinguished by features such as hair, mammary glands, and varying reproductive strategies, with humans appearing approximately 200,000 years ago.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF CHORDATES

• All chordates possess these 4 characteristics at some point during


development
• Notochord
• Flexible, rod-shaped structure
that runs along nerve chord
• In vertebrates, notochord
develops into vertebrae
• Dorsal hollow nerve cord
• In vertebrates, develops into
spinal cord
• Pharyngeal gill slits
• Vertebrate fish – develop into
gill supports
• In tetrapods (4 limbed vertebrates) – develop into parts of ears and tonsils
• Post-anal tail
SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA

• Cranium
• Cartilaginous, bony or fibrous structure surrounding the brain
• Vertebral column
Caption: Modified Illustration from Anatomy & Physiology © Jmrchn, Public Domain
Evolution overview of Vertebrates

Vertebrates, which are animals with backbones, evolved from


jawless fish over hundreds of millions of years. They have
adapted to live in many different environments.

Early vertebrates
● Jawless fish: The earliest vertebrates were jawless fish, or
agnathans, that lived in the oceans 420–390 million years
ago.
● Lobe-finned fish: These fish had gills for breathing
underwater and lungs for breathing air.
● Hagfish: These fish resembled the earliest vertebrates that
lived more than 500 million years ago
Evolution overview of Vertebrates

Early vertebrate evolution


Cambrian explosion
The Cambrian explosion marked the beginning of the
Paleozoic era and the rise in animal diversity that included
the earliest vertebrates.
Jawed fish
Jawed fish evolved during the Devonian period, about 400
million years ago.
Amphibians
Amphibians were the first tetrapods, meaning they were the
first vertebrates to live on land.
Birds
Birds evolved from reptiles that gained the ability to fly
JAWLESS FISH

•Includes lampreys and


hagfish.
•Lack jaws and paired
fins.
•Possess a notochord
and cartilage skeleton.
•Modern lampreys are
parasitic, attaching to
other fish to feed on
blood.
JAWED FISH

• Gnathostomes – Jawed Fish


• Evolution of jaws allowed vertebrates to exploit food sources
not to jawless fish, allows grasping and tearing of food
sources

• Chondrichthyes – cartilaginous fish


• Bony Fish – Osteichthyes
• Actinopterygii – ray-finned fish
• Sarcopterygii – lobe-finned fish
FISH

• Chondrichthyes
• Sharks, skates, rays
• Dominant predators of the ocean
• Skeleton made of cartilage
• Evolution of teeth – modified placoid scales
CHONDRICHTHYES

• Sharks have keen sense of smell


• Ampullae of Lorenzini – detect electromagnetic fields of
living things
• Lateral line – detects movement and vibrations in water
• Bony fish have this, also
Caption: Diagram of the sharks lateral line system © Chris huh, Public Domain
OSTEICHTHYES – BONY FISH

•Includes ray-finned fish (like bass, trout, and salmon)


and lobe-finned fish (such as coelacanths and lungfish).
•Bony skeletons, unlike cartilage-based structures of
cartilaginous fish.
•Swim bladder: gas-filled sac that aids in buoyancy
control.
•Gills for respiration, along with scales for protection.
ACTINOPTERYGII – RAY-FINNED FISH
SARCOPTERYGII – LOBE-FINNED FISH

(Coelacanth is an example)
• Bone structures are in the pectoral fins, allows for support
• Adaptation allowed for migration to land
SARCOPTERYGII – LOBE-FINNED FISH

Evolution of lobe-finned fish lead to the tetrapod


amphibians
• Tiktaalik fossil – link between lobe-finned fish and 4 legged
amphibian
AMPHIBIANS

• Tetrapods
• Terrestrial but still tied to water
• Cutaneous respiration – skin has to stay moist for gas
exchange
• Some amphibians also have lungs
• Some have gills
• Eggs are laid in water
AMPHIBIANS-Dual Life Cycle
•Larval stage: Amphibians start out as larvae, such as tadpoles,
that live in water. Tadpoles have gills and tails that help them
swim.
•Metamorphosis: Amphibians undergo metamorphosis, which is
when they lose their gills and tails and develop lungs and limbs.
•Adult stage: Amphibians become adults that spend most of
their time on land.
•Exceptions
• Some salamanders don't have an aquatic larval stage.
• Some amphibians, like axolotls, are fully aquatic and don't
go through metamorphosis.
• Some frogs, like those in the genus Eleutherodactylus,
develop directly into froglets without going through the
tadpole stage.
AMPHIBIANS

• Urodela – salamanders
• Some have gills, some have lungs
• Internal fertilization
AMPHIBIANS

• Anura – frogs and toads


• External fertilization
• Body plan that is specialized for movement, jumping
AMPHIBIANS

• Apoda – caecillians
• Legless amphibians, evolutionary reversal
AMNIOTES – REPTILES, BIRDS, MAMMALS

• Egg protected by amniotic membranes

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REPTILES AND BIRDS

• Lepidosaurs – lizards, snakes, tuataras


• Archosaurs – dinosaurs, crocs and alligators, birds
REPTILES

• Tetrapods (snakes have secondarily lost their legs)


• Scaly skin
• Ectotherms – body heat is dependent on the
environment
REPTILES
Dinosaurs
• Dominant vertebrate until
65 million years ago
• Might have been
endothermic
• Evidence of parental care
• Dinosaurs are not
considered to be more
closely related to modern
day birds and crocs (not as
much to the other modern
day reptiles)
REPTILES

• Crocodilia – crocs, alligators


REPTILES

• Sphenodontia – tuataras
• 2 species living in New Zealand
REPTILES

• Squamata – lizards and snakes


• Largest group of reptiles
• Found everywhere but Antarctica
• diverse
REPTILES

• Testudines – turtles
• Ventral shell surface – plastron
• Dorsal shell surface – carapace, forms from ribs
BIRDS

• Endothermic
• Have high metabolic rate, flight is
metabolically expensive
• Modifications for flight:
• Feathers – modified scales
• Also aid in insulation
• Hollow bones
• Sternum in shape of keel
• Efficient respiration
BIRDS
• Evolution still unclear but
birds are more closely
related to dinosaurs than
modern day reptiles
• Archaeopteryx – important
fossil, intermediate to birds
and dinosaurs
MAMMALS
• Endothermic
• Hair
• Mammary glands
• Types of teeth indicate diet
• Viviparity (live birth) is
common in most mammals,
with exceptions like
monotremes (platypus and
echidna) that lay eggs.
MAMMALS

• Monotremes – platypus and echidnas


• Lay eggs – eggs are leathery like turtle eggs
• No teeth
MAMMALS
• Marsupials
• Embryo continues
development in a
pouch
• Mainly in Australia
• One species in North
America, opossum
MAMMALS

• Eutherians
• Most of the mammals
• True placental mammals

• Order Primates – lemurs, monkeys, apes, humans


• Prosimians – smaller brain, nocturnal
• Lemurs, bush babies
• Anthropoids – monkeys, apes, humans
MAMMALS

• Anthropoids
• Old World Monkeys (Africa and Asia)
• Apes – no tails, spend most of the time on the ground,
more intelligent
• Chimps (our closest relative)
• Gorilla
• Orangutans
• humans
• New World Monkeys (South America)
MAMMALS

• Order Primates
• Family Hominidae – hominoids (chimps, gorilla, humans)

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MAMMALS

Homo sapiens appeared


about 200,000 years ago

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