B.P.

PODDAR INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT AND

TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
PAPER NAME -
CHEMISTRY
PAPER CODE-BS-CH201
YEAR- 1st
SEM-2nd
SECTION -A
 GROUP NO.
2
NAME OF CONTRIBUTORS UNIVERSITY ROLL NO.
1.MEDHA BANERJEE 11500124007
2.SHOUNAK SARKAR 11500124008
3.SHOUGATA SIKDER 11500124009
4.AGNIVA SAMADDAR 11500124010
5.AADARSH RAJ 11500124011
6. AARYAN KUMAR 11500124012
FAJANS' RULE FOR
COVALENT AND
IONIC CHARACTER
 INTRODUCTION
Fajans' rule, named after chemist Kazimierz Fajans, is a set of guidelines in chemistry that
helps predict the degree of covalent character in an ionic bond based on the relative sizes and
charges of the cation and anion involved, essentially stating that a smaller cation with a
higher charge and a larger anion will lead to a greater degree of
covalent character in the bond due to increased polarization of the
anion's electron cloud by the cation.They are based on sound physical principles
and have been shown to be consistent with experimental observations.

“ The key concept behind Fajans' rule is "polarization," where a cation can distort the
electron cloud of an anion, pulling it towards itself, leading to a more covalent interaction. Fajans'
rules are useful for understanding the properties of chemical compounds. For example, they can
be used to explain why some ionic compounds have a degree of covalent character.They can also
be used to predict the relative stability of different compounds. Fajans' rules are a valuable tool for
understanding the nature of chemical bonds.
 FAJAN’S RULE FOR COVALENT AND IONIC
CHARACTER
Fajans' rules help predict the degree of covalent character in compounds that are primarily considered ionic.
Fajans' rules are based on the concept of polarization. This means the distortion of the electron cloud of an
anion (negative ion) by a nearby cation (positive ion). When an anion's electron cloud is significantly distorted, it
leads to a sharing of electrons, which is a characteristic of covalent bonds.
FACTORS FAVOURING COVALENT CHARACTER(POLARISATION):
* SMALL CATION,HIGH CHARGE:
• A small cation has a high concentration of positive charge. This allows it to strongly attract and distort the
electron cloud of the anion, pulling electron density towards itself.
• A higher positive charge on the cation further increases its attraction and polarizing power.
* LARGE ANION:
• Larger anions have their outermost electrons less tightly held by the nucleus. This makes them easier to distort
or polarize.
HOW IT WORKS:
* Significant Polarization = Covalent Character: When a cation causes substantial
distortion of the anion's electron cloud, the electron density shifts towards the cation. This sharing of
electron density is what we consider covalent character, even if the compound is still predominantly ionic.
* Little to No Polarization = Ionic Character: If the cation doesn't distort the anion's
electron cloud much, the electrons remain primarily associated with the anion, and the bond is considered
more ionic.
TO SUMMARIZE:
* Increased polarization (and thus increased covalent character) is favored by:
• Small, highly charged cations.
• Large anions.
EXAMPLES:
* NaCl: Sodium chloride has a large cation (Na⁺) with a low charge (+1) and a small anion (Cl⁻). This
leads to little polarization, and NaCl is considered primarily ionic character.
* AgI: Silver iodide has a small cation (Ag⁺) and a large anion (I⁻). The silver ion, even with a +1
charge, has a greater polarizing power due to its size and electronic configuration. The large iodide ion is
easily polarized. This combination leads to significant polarization, and AgI has considerable covalent
 APPLICATIONS OF FAJAN’S RULE
- Predicting the covalent and ionic character of chemical bonds
- Understanding the properties of chemical compounds
- Designing new materials with specific properties
- Predicting the reactivity of chemical compounds

DRAWBACKS OF FAJAN’S
- RULE
Oversimplifies the complexity of chemical bonds
- Does not take into account other factors influencing covalent and ionic character
- Limited to predicting the covalent and ionic character of chemical bonds, not their
reactivity
 CONCLUSION
Fajans’ rules provide a way to understand why some compounds, even though
formed between a metal and a nonmetal (typically considered ionic), can exhibit
properties of covalent compounds due to the polarization of the anion. Fajans’ rules
provide a simple yet powerful tool to predict the nature of bonding in
materials.They serve as guidelines for designing new materials with specific
properties. Fajans’ rules enhance our understanding of the relationship between
bonding, structure, and properties in materials.
In conclusion, Fajan's rules are a valuable tool in materials science, providing a
framework for understanding and manipulating the properties of materials by
considering the nature of chemical bonds.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 https://www.knockhardy.org.uk
 https://www.scribd.com
 https://www.adichemistry.com
 NCERT CLASS 11 CHEMISTRY (PART I)
 ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY BY O. PALANNA
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank our Chemistry professor Dr. Rupa Pal ma'am for her
guidance and support. Her expertise and mentorship have been instrumental in
shaping our project and pushing us towards excellence.
We want to thank our fellow group members for their hard work dedication and
cooperation throughout the project. Each team member played a crucial role
bringing unique skills and perspectives greatly enriching our work.
We are truly grateful for the collaboration guidance support and resources provided.
Thank you all for making this project of fulfilling and rewarding experience.

THANK YOU