OPENING PRAYER

Loving Heavenly Father,

We come to You this hour asking for your
blessing and help as we are gathered together.
We pray for guidance in the matters at hand
and ask that you would clearly show us how to
conduct our work with a spirit of joy and
enthusiasm.
Give us the desire to find ways to excel in our
work.
WEEK 6-8:
Probability of Simple
Events, Union and
Intersection of
Events
OBJECTIVES:
1. Determine the probability of simple
events.
2. Illustrate union and intersection of
events.
Probability of Simple Events: If each of the outcomes in a sample
space is equally likely to occur, then the probability of an event E,
denoted as P(E) is given by:
P(E) =
or
P(E) = =
Activities such as rolling a die, tossing a coin, or randomly choosing a ball from a box
which could be repeated over and over again and which have well-defined results are
called experiments. The results of an experiment are called outcomes. The set of all
outcomes in an experiment is called a sample space. An event is a subset of the
sample space.
Examples of Simple Events:
Consider rolling a die.
a) Getting a “5” is called a simple event b) getting a prime number is a simple
event
Let’s discuss some illustrative examples.
Example 1: A die is rolled. Find the probability of the
following events to occur:
Sample Space = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} n(S) = 6
a) rolling an even number
= 3/6 = 1/2
b) rolling a prime number
= 3/6 = 1/2
c) rolling a “5”
= 1/6
d) rolling a multiple of 3
= 2/6 = 1/3
Example 2: Two dice are rolled. Find the probability of the
following events to occur:
n(S) = 36
a) getting a double
= 6/36 = 1/6
b) getting a sum of 4
= 3/36 = 1/12
c) getting a sum of multiple of 5
= 7/36
d) getting both even
= 9/36 = 1/4
e) getting a sum less than 9
= 26/36 = 13/18
f) getting a number that shows 4
= 11/36
 Example 3: Each of the numbers from 1 to 30 is written on slips of paper and then
placed in a covered box. The box is shaken and one slip is drawn at random. Find the
probability of the following events to occur:
Sample Space = {1, 2, 3, …, 28, 29, 30} n(S) = 30
a) drawing a prime number
= 10/30 = 1/3
b) drawing a number of multiple of 4
= 7/30
c) drawing an even number less than 17
= 8/30 = 4/15
d) drawing a number greater than 9 but less than 25
= 15/30 = 1/2
e) drawing an odd number greater than 18
= 6/30 = 1/5
Example 4: A card is picked at random from a standard deck of 52 cards. What
is the probability of picking:
n(S) = 52
a) a red card
= 26/52 = 1/2
b) a face card
= 12/52 = 3/13
c) an ace
= 4/52 = 1/13
d) a diamond
= 13/52 = 1/4
e) a number card
= 36/52 = 9/13
f) a spade
= 13/52 = 1/4
Example 5: A spinner is divided into 16 equal sectors numbered from 1 to 16. What is
the probability of spinning and it will stop at the following:
Sample Space = {1, 2, 3, …, 15, 16} n(S) = 16
a) a prime number
= 6/16 = 3/8
b) a number of multiple of 3
= 5/16
c) an odd number greater than 7
= 4/16 = 1/4
d) a number greater than 4 but less than 15
= 10/16 = 5/8
e) an even number greater than 5
= 6/16 = 3/8
f) a number which is a perfect square
= 4/16 = 1/4
g) a number which is a multiple of 5
= 3/16
 Example 6: An urn contains 4 red, 6 green and 5 blue marbles. If a marble is drawn at
random from the urn, what is the probability of the following events to occur:
Sample Space: n(S) = 15
a) drawing a green marble
= 6/15 = 2/5
b) drawing a red marble
= 4/15
c) drawing a non blue marble
= 10/15 = 2/3
Example 7: A group of 9 men and 6 women will form a four-person committee. What is the
probability that a randomly chosen committee will consist of: n(S) =
a) exactly 2 women

= = =
b) all men
= = =
c) 3 women and a man
= = =
Example 8: Three light bulbs are drawn at random from 15 bulbs of which 6 are
defective. What is the probability that:
n(S) =
a) exactly 2 defective bulbs are included
= = =
b) all non-defective bulbs are included
= = =
c) one defective bulb is included
= =
d) at least 2 defective bulbs are included
= = =
e) at most 2 non-defective bulbs are included
= = =
Union of Events: The union of events A and B denoted byA B consists of all
outcomes that are in A or in B or in both A and B.
Intersection of Events: The intersection of events A and B, denoted by A B ,
consists of all outcomes that are in both A and B.
Example 1:
Given: A = {3, 4, 5, 7} B = {2, 4, 5, 8}
Find: A B = ?
= { 3, 7, 4, 5, 2, 8}
A B=?
= { 4, 5}
Example 2: Given: A = { 2, 3, 5, 6, 8} B = {1, 3, 4, 6, 9}
a) Find AB = ?
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9}
b) Find A= ?
= {3, 6}
c) Find A’
= {1, 4, 9}
d) Find B’
= {2, 5, 8}
Example 3: Find the union and intersection of events A and B and draw a Venn
diagram.
Given: Sample Space = { grades from 85 to 98}
A = { event that a grade is even}
B = { event that a grade is greater than 90}
Sol. A = { 86, 88, 90, 92, 94, 96, 98}
B = {91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98}
1. Find A B = ?
= { 86, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98}
2. Find A B = ?
= { 92, 94, 96, 98}
Example 4: A market researcher collecting data on 100 households finds that 81
have cable television, 65 have high speed internet and 56 have both. Construct
a Venn diagram and answer the following:
a) How many households do not have cable television? _________
b) How many households have neither cable television nor high
speed internet?________
c) How many have high speed internet , but not cable television?
__________
Example 6:

1. How many students liked both volleyball and basketball? _______

2. How many students liked volleyball? ________
3. How many students do not like basketball? _______
4. How many students liked only basketball?_______
5. How many students do not liked volleyball? _______
6. How many students neither liked volleyball nor basketball?_______
7. How many students liked volleyball or basketball? _______
Answers:
2. 16 4. 7
7. 12 + 7 + 16 = 35
2. 12+16=28 5. 7 + 11 = 18
3. 12 +11 = 23 6. 11
Example 7: A class were surveyed and asked if they ever had cats or dogs for pets
at home.
8 students said they had only ever had a dog
6 students said they had only ever had a cat
10 students said they had a cat and a dog
4 students said they had never had a cat and a dog
Construct a Venn diagram and answer the following:
1. How many students have
pet dogs? ______
2. How many students have pet
cats? ______
3. How many students were
surveyed? ______
4. How many do not like dogs as their pet? ______
5. How many do not like cats as their pet? ______

Answers:
Example 8: Two hundred students at PNU were surveyed and the data collected was
displayed in a Venn diagram. Using the Venn diagram, answer the following
questions:

1. How many students have only Facebook account?_______

2. How many students have only Twitter account?_____
3. How many students have both a Facebook and Twitter accounts? _____
4. How many students have neither account? _____
Answers:
2. 80
2. 20
3. 90
4. 10
Example 9: Of the 540 seniors at Central College, 335 are taking a Math class
this year and 287 students are taking a Science class. There are 220 students
taking both Math and Science class this year. Construct a Venn diagram and
answer the following:
1. How many are taking neither a math class or a science class? ______
2. How many are taking Math only? ______
3. How many are taking Science only? _____
4. How many are taking Math or Science? ______

Answers:
1. 138
2. 115
3. 67
4. 115 + 67+220 = 402
Example 10: The extracurricular activities in which the senior class at Kalayaan Senior
High School participate are shown in the Venn diagram below:

Let A = athletics
B = band
D = drama

Answer the following:

1. How many students are in the senior class? ______
2. How many students participate in athletics? ______
3. How many students participate in athletics or drama? _____
4. How many participate only in drama and band? ______
5. How many students participate in exactly 2 activities? _____
6. How many students participate in exactly 3 activities? ______
7. How many students do not participate in any of these activities? _____
8. How many students participate in band and drama but not athletics? ______
Answers:
1. 345
2. 159
3. 227
4. 30
5. 42
6. 10
7. 67
8. 119
Example 11: The students in an elementary school have the following features:
18 students have only blond hair
25 students have only blue eyes
11 students have only long hair
16 students have blond hair with blue eyes but not long hair
8 students have blue eyes with long hair but not blond hair
4 students have long and blond hair but not blue eyes
5 students have blue eyes with long and blond hair
7 students do not have blue eyes, blond hair or long hair
Construct a three-circle Venn diagram using these features of the elementary
students and answer the questions that follow.
1. How many students have blond hair and blue eyes?
2. What is the total number of students in that elementary school?
3. Find the number of students who have blue eyes and long hair?
4. How many students do not have blond hair?
5. How many students who have neither blue eyes nor blond hair?
6. What is the number of students who have either blue eyes or long hair?
Answers:
7. 16 + 5 = 21
2. 94
3. 5 + 8 = 13
4. 25 + 8 + 11 + 7 = 51
5. 11 + 7 = 18
6. 25 + 8 + 11 = 44
Thank
You…