Technical Communications

Citations and References

• There is no such thing as Something for
nothing.

Napolean Hill
Ancient Chinese Philosopher Confucius

I hear and I forget.

I see and I remember.

I do and I understand.
Ancient Chinese Philosopher Confucius

I hear and I forget.

I see and I remember.

I do and I understand.

I practice and I perfect

Ancient Chinese Philosopher Confucius
• I hear and I forget. 0%
• I see and I remember. 30%
• I do and I understand. 41% - 48%
• I practice and I perfect > 60%

Remember to do
Remember to take time to read your notes
Remember to take time to practice
• “The man who does not read has no
advantage over the man who cannot read.”
•
― Mark Twain
• Read the document titled

APA_guide_long.pdf
 Citations
• Format for Citation
– (Authors last name, Date)

• Format for References

– Authors lastname, Author initial, date, title,
Publication information
 One work by one author:
• In one developmental study (Smith, 1990),
children learned that it was…... OR
• In the study by Smith (1990), primary school
children... OR
• In 1990, Smith’s study of primary school
children…
 Works by 2 authors

• When a work has 2 authors cite both names

every time you reference the work in the text.
For example:
• Masserton and Slonowski (1989) state that...
 Works by three to five authors

• When a work has three to five authors cite all

the author names the first time the reference
occurs and then subsequently include only the
first author followed by et al. For example:
• First citation: Masserton, Slonowski, and Oni
(1989) state that...
• Subsequent citations: Masserton et al. (1989)
state that...
 Works by 6 or more authors

• For 6 or more authors, cite only the name of

the first author followed by et al. and the year.

• Masserton et al. (1989) state that...

• The work on automation (Akinola et al, 2013)
indicated that the ….
 Works by no identified author
• When a resource has no named author, cite the
first few words of the reference entry (usually
the title). Use double quotation marks around
the title of an article, chapter, or Web page.
Italicize the title of a periodical, book, brochure,
or report. For example:
– The site seemed to indicate support for
homeopathic drugs (“Medical Miracles,” 2009).
– The brochure argues for homeschooling (Education
Reform, 2007).
 Two or more works in the same
parenthetical citation
• Citations of two or more works in the same
parentheses should be listed in the order they
appear in the reference list (i.e.,
alphabetically, then chronologically).
• Several studies (Jones & Powell, 1993;
Peterson, 1995, 1998; Smith, 1990) suggest
that...
 Document Object Indicator (DOI)
• DOI - a unique alphanumeric string assigned to
identify content and provide a persistent link to its
location on the internet.
• The DOI is typically located on the first page of the
electronic journal article near the copyright notice.
• When a DOI is used in your citation, no other
retrieval information is needed.
• Use this format for the DOI in references:
doi:xxxxxxx
 Universal Resource Locator (URL)
• A Universal Resource Locator or URL is a
unique address for website or webpage. The
URL is entered in the address bar of a browser
window.
• For example
1. http://www.facebook.com
2. http://www.unilag.edu.ng
3. ftp:/www.usa.gov
 Book

• (Strunk and White, 1979)

• Strunk, W., Jr., & White, E. B. (1979). The guide
to everything and then some more stuff. New
York, NY: Macmillan
 Chapter of a Book
• (Bergquist, 1992).
– (Author last name, Date)

• Bergquist, J. M. (1992). German Americans. In J. D.

Buenker & L. A. Ratner (Eds.), Multiculturalism in the
United States: A comparative guide to acculturation
and ethnicity (pp. 53-76). New York, NY: Greenwood.
– Author lastname, Author initial, date, title, Publication
information
 Chapter of a Book
In the text bey Bergquist.[1]

1. Bergquist, J. M. (1992). German Americans. In J. D.

Buenker & L. A. Ratner (Eds.), Multiculturalism in the
United States: A comparative guide to acculturation
and ethnicity (pp. 53-76). New York, NY: Greenwood.
 Journal Article with DOI:
• (Paivio, 1975).
• Paivio, A. (1975). Perceptual comparisons through the mind's
eye. Memory & Cognition, 3, 635-647. doi:10.1037/0278-
6133.24.2.225
 Journal Article without DOI (when DOI is
not available):
• Becker, L. J., & Seligman, C. (1981). Welcome to the energy
crisis. Journal of Social Issues, 37(2), 1-7.

• (Becker et al., 1981)

• Becker, L. J., Akinola A. A. & Seligman, C. (1981). Welcome to
the energy crisis. Journal of Social Issues, Volume 37, Issue 2,
pages 1-7.

• Hamfi, A. G. (1981). The funny nature of dogs. E-journal of

Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38 -48. Retrieved January 01, 2013
from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/fdo
 Online Newspaper Articles:
• Becker, E. (2001, August 27). Prairie farmers reap
conservation's rewards. The New York Times. Retrieved
March 12, 2011 from http://www.nytimes.com
 Encyclopedia Articles
• Brislin, R. W. (1984). Cross-cultural psychology. In R. J. Corsini
(Ed.), Encyclopedia of psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 319-327). New
York, NY: Wiley.

• Developmental genetics. (2005). In Cambridge encyclopedia

of child development. Retrieved October 26, 2012 from
http://0-
www.credoreference.com.library.muhlenberg.edu:80/entry/cu
pchilddev/developmental_genetics
 Technical and Research Reports (often
with corporate authors)
• Hershey Foods Corporation. (2001, March 15). 2001 Annual
Report. Retrieved May 11, 2005 from
http://www.hersheysannualreport.com/2000/index.htm
 Book Reviews:
• Dent-Read, C., & Zukow-Goldring, P. (2001). Is modeling
knowing? [Review of the book Models of cognitive
development, by K. Richardson]. American Journal of
Psychology, 114, 126-133.
 Data Sets
• Simmons Market Research Bureau. (2000). Simmons national
consumer survey [Data file]. New York, NY: Author.
 Blog post
• Lincoln, D. S. (2009, January 23). The likeness and sameness of
the ones in the middle. [Web log post]. Retrieved January 30,
2010 from
http://www.blogspace.com/lincolnworld/2009/1/23.php
 Website with no author or date of
publication
• Census data revisited. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2009, from
Harvard, Psychology of Population website,
http://harvard.edu/data/index.php
 Class notes
• Varken, K. (2009, December 1). Nursing and
parenting [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from
University of Calgary Blackboard site:
www.qatar.ucalgary.ca/students/blackboard
• Jeje, K. (2011, February 1). Dealing with Adolescent
[PowerPoint slides]. Class notes NUR401 Parenting ,
University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria, 2011/2012
session.
 Video
• Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. (2005).
Lippincott’s maternity nursing video series:
Volume 1 Prenatal care [DVD]. Available from
http://www.lww.com
 Song
• Jackson, M. & Bottrell, B. (1991). Black or
white. On HIStory [mp3]. New York NY: Epic.

• Babajide Raji Fashola

• Fashola, B. R.
• Donald J. Trump
• Trump, D. J.
 Image
• Shah, S. (n.d.) Forbidden door [photograph]. Qatar
photographs. Retrieved March 01, 2011 from
http://qatarphotographs.ifp3.com/root/qatarphotog
raphs/iphoto/main2.cfm
 In-Text Citations:
Remember the following
• Never use the URL in the citation.
• Never use the first or middle initials of the author(s) in the citation.
• Always include the year in the citation.
• Always use p. or pp. for page numbers or para. or ¶ for paragraph
numbers with direct quotations.
• Include the author’s name or title of the work when no author is
listed, year, and page or paragraph number (for a direct quotation)
within the parentheses.
• Place the punctuation after the final parenthesis of the citation
unless it is a block quote.
• Follow the rule of punctuation for capitalization of the first title
mentioned within the reference. Titles of books and articles:
capitalize the first word, the first word following a colon, and proper
nouns.
 You Can Cite Anything Because
• It was written by some entity
• It was written at some time
• It has a “Title”.
• It has publication info.
 Making the list of References -
The list most be in alphabetical order
Hyde R., (2006), “Write Great Code Volume 1: Understanding the
Machine”, Published by No Starch Press Inc., San Francisco, CA
94107. ISBN-10: 9781593270650
BS 893: British Standards Institution (1978), BS 893: 1978,
“Measurement of the Concentration of Particulate Material in
Ducts Carrying Gases”, British Standards Institution, London.
Leventhal L. A., (1979), “Z-80 Assembly Language Programming”
[Paperback], Published by Osborne/McGraw-Hill, Berkeley, C.A.,
U.S.A., ISBN-10: 0079310214
Haines, R. W. and Hittle, D. C., (2005), “Control Systems for
Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning”, Sixth Edition,
Published by Springer, ISBN-10: 1402074174
 Corrected Version
BS 893: British Standards Institution (1978), BS 893: 1978,
“Measurement of the Concentration of Particulate Material in
Ducts Carrying Gases”, British Standards Institution, London.
Leventhal L. A., (1979), “Z-80 Assembly Language Programming”
[Paperback], Published by Osborne/McGraw-Hill, Berkeley, C.A.,
U.S.A., ISBN-10: 0079310214
Haines, R. W. and Hittle, D. C., (2005), “Control Systems for
Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning”, Sixth Edition,
Published by Springer, ISBN-10: 1402074174
Hyde R., (2006), “Write Great Code Volume 1: Understanding the
Machine”, Published by No Starch Press Inc., San Francisco, CA
94107. ISBN-10: 9781593270650
 More Corrected Version
BS 893: British Standards Institution (1978), BS 893: 1978,
“Measurement of the Concentration of Particulate Material in
Ducts Carrying Gases”, British Standards Institution, London.
Haines, R. W. and Hittle, D. C., (2005), “Control Systems for
Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning”, Sixth Edition,
Published by Springer, ISBN-10: 1402074174
Hyde R., (2006), “Write Great Code Volume 1: Understanding the
Machine”, Published by No Starch Press Inc., San Francisco, CA
94107. ISBN-10: 9781593270650
Leventhal L. A., (1979), “Z-80 Assembly Language Programming”
[Paperback], Published by Osborne/McGraw-Hill, Berkeley, C.A.,
U.S.A., ISBN-10: 0079310214
Do you know a hard-working man? He shall be
successful and stand before kings!
Proverbs 22: 29
Ancient Chinese Philosopher Confucius
• I hear and I forget. 0%
• I see and I remember. 30%
• I do and I understand. 41% - 48%
• I practice and I perfect > 60%

Remember to do
Remember to take time to read your notes
Remember to take time to practice