UNIVERSITY OF

CAPE COAST
COLLEGE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

Unit 1
Introducing Operating Systems
 Units Topic Details
- Definition and functions of operating systems (OS)
- Review of computer hardware organization
Self Assessment Test
Unit 1 Introduction
-
-
History and evolution of OS
Types of OS

- Single-user contiguous scheme

- Dynamic partitions
Unit 2 Memory Management I - Best-fit vs. First-fit Allocation
- Deallocation
- Relocatable Dynamic Partitions
- Paged Memory Allocation
- Demand Paging
- Page replacement algorithms
Unit 3 Memory Management II - Memory segmentation
- Virtual Memory
- Cache Memory
2 - Overview
- Process scheduling
- Process scheduling algorithms
Unit 4 Processor Management - Interrupts
- Deadlock
- Deadlock Management
- Device Types
- Sequential Access Storage Devices
- Direct Access Storage Devices
Unit 5 Device Management - Components of the I/O Subsystem
- Communication among Devices
- Management of I/O Requests
- The File Manage
- File Organization
- Physical Storage Allocation
Unit 6 File Management - Access Methods
- Levels and Access Control Verification
- Data Compression

2
 Self Assessment Test
References:
1. Operating Systems: Internals and Design
Principles, William Stallings.
2. Operating Systems Concepts (5th edition or
3 later), A. Silberschatz, P. Galvin and G. Gagne.
3. Modern Operating Systems (3rd edition or
later), Andrew Tanenbaum

Understanding Operating Systems, 7e 3

 Computer
Software (programs)
Hardware (tangible
What Is an machine/electronic components)
Operating
System? Operating system
Chief software component
Manages all hardware and all
software and controls:
Every file, device, section of main
memory, and moment of
processing time
Who can use the system and how
system is used
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 Includes four essential subsystem
managers
Operating Memory Manager
System Processor Manager
Software
Device Manager
File Manager
Each manager:
Works closely with other
managers
Performs a unique role

5
 Operating System Software (cont'd.)

This pyramid represents

an operating system on a
stand-alone computer
that is unconnected to a
network. It shows the four
subsystem managers and
the user interface.

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 User Interface
Allows the user to issue commands to
Operating the operating system
System Manage tasks
Software Monitor the system’s resources
(cont'd.)
continuously
Enforce policies determining:
 Who gets what, when, and how much
Allocate a resource (when appropriate)
Deallocate a resource (when
appropriate)

7
Each manager at the
base of the pyramid
takes responsibility
for its own tasks
while working
harmoniously with
every other
manager.

8
 Network Manager
Operating
Coordinates the services
System required for multiple systems
Software
(cont'd.) to work cohesively together
Shared network resources:
memory space, processors,
printers, databases,
applications, etc.

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 In charge of main memory
Random access memory (RAM)
Requires constant flow of electricity
Main Memory to hold data
Management
Responsibilities include:
Checking validity and legality of
memory space request
Reallocating memory to make more
useable space available
Deallocating memory to reclaim it
Protecting space in main memory
occupied by operating system

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 Read-only memory (ROM)
Another type of memory
Main
Memory Critical when computer is powered on
Management Holds firmware: programming
code
When and how to load each
piece of the operating
system after the power is
turned on
Non-volatile
Contents retained when the
power is turned off
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 In charge of allocating Central Processing
Unit (CPU)
Tracks process status
Processor Program’s “instance of execution”
Management
Comparable to a traffic controller
When a process is finished or
maximum computation time expired
Processor Manager reclaims the
CPU and allocates to next waiting
process
Computer with multiple CPUs
More complex management

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  In charge of connecting with every
available device
 Printers, ports, disk drives, etc.
Device  Responsibilities include:
Management  Choosing most efficient resource
allocation method
 Based on scheduling policy
 Identifying each device uniquely
 Starting device operation (when
appropriate)
 Monitoring device progress
 Deallocating the device
 What is the function of a device driver?

13
  In charge of tracking every file in the system
 Data files, program files, compilers,
application programs, etc.
 Responsibilities include:
File  Enforcing user/program resource access
Management restrictions
 Uses predetermined access policies
 Controlling user/program modification
restrictions
 Read-only, read-write, create, delete
 Allocating space for a file on secondary
storage
 One large storage area or smaller linked
pieces
 Retrieving files efficiently

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 Included in operating systems
with networking capability
Authorizes users to share
Network
Management resources
Overall responsibility for
every aspect of network
connectivity
Devices, files, memory
space, CPU capacity, etc.

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 Portion of the operating system
Direct interaction with users
Two primary types
Graphical user interface (GUI)
User Input from pointing device
Interface Menu options, desktops, and formats
vary
Command line interface
Keyboard-typed commands that display
on a monitor
Strict requirements for every command:
typed accurately; correct syntax;
combinations of commands assembled
correctly
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 No single manager performs tasks
in isolation
Each element of an operating
Cooperation system
Issues Performs individual tasks and
Harmoniously interacts with
other managers
Incredible precision required
for operating system to work
smoothly
More complicated when
networking is involved 17
 Practice of using Internet-
connected resources
Performing processing,
storage, or other operations
Cloud Operating system maintains
Computing
responsibility
Managing all local resources
and coordinating data transfer
to and from the cloud
Role of the operating system
Accessing resources
Managing the system
efficiently
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Computer Hardware Overview

Understanding Operating Systems, 7e 19

 Hardware: physical machine and
electronic components
Main memory (RAM)
Evolution of
Data/Instruction storage and
Computing execution
Hardware Central processing unit (CPU)
Controls interpretation and
execution of instructions
Initiates or performs these
operations: storage, data
manipulation and input/output
Input/output devices (I/O devices)
All peripheral devices in the system:
printers, disk drives, CD/DVD drives,
keyboards, etc. 20
 Computer classification
At one time: based on memory
capacity
Evolution of
Current platforms
Computing
Hardware
(cont'd.)

A brief list of platforms and a few of the operating systems designed

to run on them, listed in alphabetical order.

Understandi
ng Operating 21
Evolution of Moore’s Law: Gordon Moore, 1965
Computing
Hardware Each new processor chip
(cont'd.) compared to its predecessor
Twice as much capacity
Released within 18-24 months

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An Evolution of Computing
Hardware (cont'd.)
Gordon Moore’s 1965
paper included the
prediction that the
number of transistors
incorporated in a chip
will approximately
double every 24
months [Moore, 1965].
Courtesy of Intel
Corporation.

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24
 Five categories
Batch
Types of Interactive
Operating
Systems Real-time
Hybrid
Embedded
Two distinguishing features
Response time
Method of data entry into
the system
25
 Batch systems: jobs entered as a whole
and in sequence
Input relied on punched cards or tape
Types of
Operating
Efficiency measured in throughput
Systems Interactive systems: allow multiple jobs
(cont'd.) Faster turnaround than batch systems
Slower than real-time systems
Introduced to provide fast turnaround
when debugging programs
Complex algorithms: share processing
power

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 Real-time systems
Reliability is critical
Types of Used in time-critical environments
Operating Spacecraft, airport traffic control, fly-
Systems by-wire aircraft, critical industrial
(cont'd.) processes, medical systems, etc.
Two types of real-time systems
Hard real-time systems: risk total
system failure if the predicted time
deadline is missed
Soft real-time systems: suffer
performance degradation as a
consequence of a missed deadline
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 Hybrid systems
Combination of batch and interactive
Light interactive load
Types of Accepts and runs batch programs in
Operating the background
Systems
(cont'd.) Network operating systems
Special class of software
Users perform tasks using few, if
any, local resources, e.g., cloud
computing
Wireless networking capability
Standard feature in many computing
devices: cell phones, tablets, and
other handheld Web browsers
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Example of a simple
network. The server
is connected by
cable to the router
and other devices
connect wirelessly.

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 Embedded systems
Computers placed inside other
products
Types of Automobiles, digital music players,
Operating elevators, pacemakers, etc.
Systems
(cont'd.)
Adds features and capabilities
Operating system requirements
Perform specific set of programs
Non-interchangeable among
systems
Small kernel and flexible function
capabilities

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 Most common overall goal
Maximize use of the system’s
resources (memory, processing,
Design
devices, and files) and minimize
Considerations downtime
Factors included in developmental
efforts
RAM resources
CPUs: number and type available
Peripheral devices: variety likely to be
connected
Networking capability
Security requirements, etc.
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 Overall function of operating
systems
Evolution of operating systems
Capable of running complex
Conclusion
computers and computer
systems
Operating system designer
Chooses the policies that best
match the system’s environment

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 Questions

College of Distance Education(CoDE)

University of Cape Coast
Cape Coast
33
Ghana
 1. Name the five key concepts about
an operating system that you think
a novice user needs to know and
understand.
Discussion 2. Explain the fundamental
Question
differences between interactive,
batch, real-time, and embedded
systems.

3. List three tangible (physical) data

storage resources of a typical
computer system. Explain the
advantages and disadvantages of
each. 34
 1. The ______ is the portion of the computing
system that manages all of the hardware
and all of the other software.
(a) processor (b) control unit
(c) operating system (d) scheduler

Multiple 2. The environment defined by the operating

Choice system that allow users to engage with the
computer resources ________.
(a) command line (b) user interface
(c) command prompt (d) windows
 1. A computer consists of programs
and electronic components.
True/False

True or 2. Early operating systems were

False introduced after 1955.
True/False
3. Throughput is the number of
jobs completed in a given
amount of time. True/False