Precalculus

Seventh Edition

Chapter 6
Additional Topics
in Trigonometry

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Section 6.6 Vectors

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Objectives
1. Use magnitude and direction to show vectors are equal.
2. Visualize scalar multiplication, vector addition, and vector
subtraction as geometric vectors.
3. Represent vectors in the rectangular coordinate system.
4. Perform operations with vectors in terms of i and j.
5. Find the unit vector in the direction of v.
6. Write a vector in terms of its magnitude and direction.
7. Solve applied problems involving vectors.

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Vectors
Quantities that involve both a magnitude and a
direction are called vector quantities, or vectors
for short.
Quantities that involve magnitude, but no direction,
are called scalar quantities, or scalars for short.

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Directed Line Segments and Geometric
Vectors
A line segment to which a direction has been assigned is
called a directed line segment. We call P the initial point
and Q the terminal point. We denote this directed line
!
segment by PQ.
!
The magnitude of the directed line segment PQ is its
!
length. We denote this by PQ .

Geometrically, a vector is
a directed line segment.

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Representing Vectors in Print and on
Paper

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Equal Vectors
In general, vectors v and w are equal if they have the same
magnitude and the same direction. We write this v = w.

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Example 1: Showing that Two Vectors
are Equal (1 of 3)
Show that u = v.
Equal vectors have the same magnitude and the same direction. Use
the distance formula to show that u and v have the same magnitude.

u  ( x2  x1 ) 2  ( y2  y1 ) 2

6  2     2  ( 5)
2 2


 42  32

 16  9

 25
5
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Example 1: Showing that Two Vectors
are Equal (2 of 3)
Use the distance formula to show that u and v have the
same magnitude.
v  ( x2  x1 ) 2  ( y2  y1 ) 2

6  2 
2
  (5  2) 2

 42  32

 16  9

 25
5

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Example 1: Showing that Two Vectors
are Equal (3 of 3)
Show that u = v.
One way to show that u and v have the same direction is to
find the slopes of the lines on which they lie.

y2  y1 6 2 4
slope of u m  
x2  x1  2   5  3

y2  y1 6 2 4
slope of v m  
x2  x1 5 2 3

The vectors have the same magnitude

and direction. Thus, u = v.
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Scalar Multiplication (1 of 2)
The multiplication of a real number k and a vector v is called
scalar multiplication. We write this product kv.

Multiplying a vector Multiplying a

by any positive real vector by any
number (except 1) negative number
changes the reverses the
magnitude of the direction of the
vector but not its vector.
direction.

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Scalar Multiplication (2 of 2)
If k is real number and v a vector, the vector kv is called a
scalar multiple of the vector v. The magnitude and direction
of kv are given as follows:
The vector kv has a magnitude of k v . We describe this
as the absolute value of k times the magnitude of vector v.
The vector kv has a direction that is
• the same as the direction of v if k > 0, and
• opposite the direction of v if k < 0.

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The Sum of Two Vectors
The sum of u and v, denoted u  v is called the resultant
vector. A geometric method for adding two vectors is shown
in the figure. Here is how we find this vector:
• Position u and v, so that the
terminal point of u coincides
with the initial point of v.
• The resultant vector, u  v,
extends from the initial
point of u to the terminal
point of v.

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The Difference of Two Vectors
The difference of two vectors, v – u, is defined as
v – u v  (–u), where –u is the scalar multiplication of u
and –1, –1u. The difference v – u is shown geometrically
in the figure.

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The i and j Unit Vectors
Vector i is the unit vector whose direction is along the
positive x-axis. Vector j is the unit vector whose direction is
along the positive y-axis.

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Representing Vectors in Rectangular
Coordinates (1 of 2)
Vector v, from (0, 0) to (a, b), is represented as

v = ai + bj.
The real numbers a and b are called the scalar components of v.
Note that
• a is the horizontal component of v, and
• b is the vertical component of v.
The vector sum ai + bj is called a linear
combination of the vectors i and j.
The magnitude of
v = ai + bj. is given by
v = a2 + b2 .
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Example 2: Representing a Vector in Rectangular
Coordinates and Finding Its Magnitude
Sketch the vector v 3i – 3j and find its magnitude.
v ai  bj
v  a 2  b2
v 3i  3j
 3   3 
2 2
a 3 and b  –3

 9  9  18

3 2

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Representing Vectors in Rectangular
Coordinates (2 of 2)
Vector v with initial point P1 ( x1 , y1 ) and terminal point
P2 ( x2 , y2 ) is equal to the position vector

v ( x2  x1 )i + ( y2  y1 ) j.

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Example 3: Representing a Vector in
Rectangular Coordinates
Let v be the vector from initial point P1 ( 1, 3) to terminal
point P2 2, 7 . Write v in terms of i and j.

v ( x2  x1 )i + ( y2  y1 ) j

 2   1 i  7  3 j

3i  4 j

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Adding and Subtracting Vectors in
Terms of i and j
If v = a1i + b1 j and w = a2 i + b2 j, then

v + w = (a1 + a2 )i + (b1 + b2 ) j

v  w = (a1  a2 )i + (b1  b2 ) j.

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 Example 4: Adding and Subtracting
Vectors
If v = 7i + 3 j and w = 4i  5 j, find the following vectors:
a. vw
v + w = (a1 + a2 )i + (b1 + b2 ) j
7  4  i   3   5  j
11i  2 j
b. v w
v  w = (a1  a2 )i + (b1  b2 ) j

7  4  i   3   5  j 3i  8 j

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Scalar Multiplication with a Vector in
Terms of i and j
If v ai  bj and k is a real number, then the scalar
multiplication of the vector v and the scalar k is

kv (ka )i + (kb) j.

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Example 5: Scalar Multiplication
If v 7i  10 j, find each of the following vectors:
a. 8v kv (ka )i + (kb) j
8 v 8 7  i  8 10  j

56i  80 j

b. –5v kv (ka )i + (kb) j

 5 v  5 7  i   5 10  j
 35i  50 j
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The Zero Vector
The vector whose magnitude is 0 is called the zero vector,
0. The Zero vector is assigned no direction. It can be
expressed in terms of i and j using

0  0i + 0 j.

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Properties of Vector Addition
If u, v and w are vector, and c and d are scalars, then the
following properties are true.
Vector Addition Properties

1. u+v=v+u commutative property

2. (u + v ) + w = u + (v + w ) Associative property

3. u + 0 = 0 + u = u Additive identity

4. u + (  u) = (  u) + u = 0 Additive inverse

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Properties of Scalar Multiplication
If u, v and w are vector, and c and d are scalars, then the following properties
are true.

Scalar Multiplication Properties

1. (cd )u c(du) Associative property

2. c(u  v ) = cu + cv Distributive property

3. (c  d )u cu + du Distributive property

4. 1u u Multiplicative identity

5. 0u 0 Multiplicative property of zero

6. cv = c v Magnitude property

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Unit Vectors
A unit vector is defined to be a vector whose
magnitude is one.

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Finding the Unit Vector that Has the Same
Direction as a Given Nonzero Vector v
For any nonzero vector v, the vector

v
v

is the unit vector that has the same direction as v.

To find this vector, divide v by its magnitude.

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Example 7: Finding a Unit Vector
Find the unit vector in the same direction as v  4i – 3 j.
Then verify that the vector has magnitude 1.

2
v  a b 2  42  ( 3) 2  16  9  25 5

v 4i  3 j 4 3
  i j
v 5 5 5
2 2
 4   3 16 9 25
       1
 5  5  25 25 25

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Writing a Vector in Terms of Its
Magnitude and Direction
Let v be a nonzero vector. If  is the direction angle
measured from the positive x-axis to v, then the vector can be
expressed in terms of its magnitude and direction angle as
v = v cos  i + v sin  j.

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Example 8: Writing a Vector Whose
Magnitude and Direction are Given
The jet stream is blowing at 60 miles per hour in the direction N45 E.
Express its velocity as a vector v in terms of i and j.
 45 ,‖ v‖ 60

v ‖ v‖ cos  i ‖ v‖ sin  j

60 cos 45 i  60sin 45 j

 2  2
60   i  60   j
 2   2 

30 2i  30 2 j

The jet stream can be expressed in terms of i and j as 30 2i  30 2 j

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Example 9: Application (1 of 3)
Two forces, F1 and F2 , of magnitude 30 and 60 pounds,
respectively, act on an object. The direction of F1 is N10 E
and the direction of F2 is N10 E. Find the magnitude, to
the nearest hundredth of a pound, and the direction angle,
to the nearest tenth of a degree, of the resultant force.

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Example 9: Application (2 of 3)
F1 ‖ F1‖ cos  i ‖ F1‖ sin j F2 ‖ F2‖ cos  i ‖ F2‖ sin j

30 cos80 i  30sin 80 j 60 cos 30 i  60sin 30 j

5.21i  29.54 j 51.96i  30 j

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Example 9: Application (3 of 3)
F F1  F2 F1 5.21i  29.54 j

(5.21i  29.54 j) + (51.96i  30 j) F2 51.96i  30 j

(5.21  51.96)i + (29.54  30) j

57.17i  59.54 j

F  a 2  b2  57.17 2  59.542 82.54

a 57.17  1  57.17 
cos      cos   46.2
F 82.54  82.54 
The two given forces are equivalent to a single force of approximately
82.54 pounds with a direction angle of approximately 46.2 .
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