1.

Identification of Computer Parts

Hardware

 Central Processing Unit (CPU): The brain of the computer, responsible for executing
instructions.

 Motherboard: The main circuit board that houses the CPU, memory, and other essential
components.

 Memory (RAM): Temporary storage that the CPU uses to store data and instructions
currently in use.

 Hard Drive/SSD: Permanent storage for the operating system, applications, and files.
 Power Supply Unit (PSU): Converts electrical power from an outlet into a usable form
for the computer.

 Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): Handles rendering of images and videos; crucial for
gaming and graphic-intensive tasks.

 Cooling System: Includes fans and heat sinks to dissipate heat produced by the CPU and
GPU.

 Input Devices: Keyboard, mouse, and other devices used to input data into the computer.
  Output Devices: Monitor, printer, and other devices that output data from the computer.

 Peripheral Devices: External devices connected to the computer, such as USB drives,
external hard drives, and printers.

SOFTWARE

1. Operating System (OS)

 Definition: The OS is system software that manages hardware resources and provides
common services for computer programs. It acts as an intermediary between users and
the computer hardware.
 Examples:
o Windows: Developed by Microsoft, known for its user-friendly interface and
extensive software compatibility.
o macOS: Developed by Apple, known for its integration with Apple hardware and
strong security features.
o Linux: An open-source OS with various distributions (e.g., Ubuntu, Fedora)
known for its flexibility and use in server environments.
o Android: Based on Linux, primarily used in mobile devices.
o iOS: Apple’s operating system for mobile devices.
 Core Functions:
o Process Management: Handles execution of processes and multitasking.
o Memory Management: Manages RAM allocation and virtual memory.
o File System Management: Controls file storage and retrieval.
o Device Management: Manages input and output devices, and interfaces with
drivers.
 o User Interface (UI): Provides graphical or command-line interface for user
interaction.

2. Device Drivers

 Definition: Device drivers are specialized software programs that enable the operating
system to communicate with hardware components.
 Purpose:
o Interface: Provide a means for the OS to interact with hardware components such
as printers, graphics cards, and network adapters.
o Functionality: Enable hardware devices to function correctly and efficiently by
translating OS commands into hardware-specific operations.
 Types:
o Printer Drivers: Manage communication between the OS and printers.
o Graphics Drivers: Control and optimize graphics processing units (GPUs).
o Network Drivers: Facilitate network communication through network interface
cards (NICs).
o Audio Drivers: Enable sound cards and speakers to produce audio.
 Updating:
o Importance: Regular updates can fix bugs, improve performance, and add new
features.
o Sources: Obtain drivers from the hardware manufacturer’s website or through OS
update services.

3. Applications

 Definition: Applications, or software applications, are programs designed to perform

specific tasks or solve particular problems for users.
 Categories:
o Productivity Software: Includes word processors (e.g., Microsoft Word),
spreadsheets (e.g., Excel), and presentation software (e.g., PowerPoint).
o Web Browsers: Software for accessing and navigating the internet (e.g., Google
Chrome, Mozilla Firefox).
o Media Players: Software for playing audio and video files (e.g., VLC Media
Player).
o Games: Interactive entertainment software designed for various genres and
platforms.
o Utility Software: Tools that provide system maintenance and optimization (e.g.,
antivirus programs, disk cleanup tools).
 Installation:
o Sources: Applications can be downloaded from official websites, app stores (e.g.,
Google Play Store, Apple App Store), or installed from physical media.
o Updates: Regular updates are important for security patches, new features, and
performance improvements.

4. Firmware
  Definition: Firmware is specialized software embedded in hardware components that
provides low-level control and functionality for the hardware.
 Examples:
o BIOS/UEFI: Firmware interfaces with the motherboard and initializes hardware
components during the boot process.
o Routers: Firmware controls network router functions and settings.
o Embedded Systems: Firmware in devices such as printers, cameras, and smart
appliances.
 Functions:
o Initialization: Sets up and tests hardware components during the boot process.
o Control: Manages hardware functions and communicates with the operating
system.
o Updates: Can be updated to fix bugs, improve performance, or add features.
 Updating Firmware:
o Procedure: Typically involves downloading a firmware update from the
manufacturer’s website and applying it using a specific update tool or
method.
o Risks: Improper firmware updates can lead to hardware malfunctions, so it’s
crucial to follow manufacturer instructions carefully.

2. Assembling of Computer Maintenance Tools

 Screwdrivers: Precision screwdrivers for different sizes of screws, particularly for

assembling and disassembling computer components.

 Anti-Static Wrist Strap: Prevents electrostatic discharge (ESD) that could damage
sensitive components.

 Thermal Paste: Applied between the CPU and its cooler to ensure effective heat transfer.
 Cable Ties: For organizing and securing cables inside the computer case.

 Compressed Air: For cleaning dust and debris from internal components.

 Multimeter: For measuring electrical parameters like voltage and continuity.

 Power Supply Tester: Ensures that the PSU is delivering the correct voltages.
3. Theory of Probable Cause

1.Faulty

RAM Cause:

 Physical Damage: RAM modules can become damaged due to improper handling, static
electricity, or physical impact.
 Corrupted Memory: Errors in memory cells can occur due to manufacturing defects or wear and
tear.

Fix:

 Reseat the RAM: Power off the computer, unplug it, and remove the RAM modules. Clean the
contacts with a soft, dry cloth and reinsert them firmly into their slots.
 Test with Memtest86: Use diagnostic software like Memtest86 to check for memory errors. If
errors are found, consider replacing the RAM modules.
 Check Compatibility: Ensure that the RAM modules are compatible with your motherboard.
Refer to the motherboard’s manual for specifications.
 Try Different Slots: Test the RAM in different slots to identify if the issue is with the slot or
the
module itself.
 Replace Faulty RAM: If a module is found to be defective, replace it with a new, compatible
module.

2.Overheating

CPU Cause:

 Insufficient Cooling: An inadequate or malfunctioning cooling system can cause the CPU to
overheat.
 Dust Accumulation: Dust buildup can block airflow and insulate heat.

Fix:
  Clean Cooling System: Use compressed air to blow out dust from the CPU cooler, fans, and
vents.
 Apply Thermal Paste: Reapply thermal paste between the CPU and the cooler if it has dried out
or was improperly applied.
 Check Fan Operation: Ensure that the CPU fan and case fans are functioning correctly. Replace
faulty fans if needed.
 Improve Airflow: Reorganize cables and ensure there’s enough space around the case for
proper ventilation.
 Upgrade Cooling: Consider installing a more efficient cooling solution if the current one is
inadequate.

3.Hard Drive

Failures Cause:

 Mechanical
Wear: Moving
parts in
traditional HDDs
can wear out
over time.
 File System
Corruption:
Errors in the file
system can lead
to data access
issues.

Fix:

 Run Disk Check Utility: Use tools like CHKDSK (for Windows) or Disk Utility (for macOS) to scan
and repair file system errors.
 Backup Data: Regularly back up important data to prevent data loss. Use external drives or
cloud storage.
 Replace Faulty Drive: If the hard drive is making unusual noises or fails diagnostic tests, replace
it with a new one. SSDs are more reliable and offer better performance compared to HDDs.
 Check Connections: Ensure that cables connecting the hard drive to the motherboard and PSU
are secure.

4.Power Supply

Issues Cause:

 Insufficient Power: A PSU that cannot supply enough power can cause system instability or
failures.
 Electrical Faults: Faulty PSU components can lead to voltage irregularities.

Fix:

 Test PSU: Use a power supply tester to check if the PSU is delivering the correct voltages.
 Replace PSU: If the PSU is faulty or insufficient for your system’s needs, replace it with a higher
wattage and reliable model.
 Check Connections: Ensure all power cables (24-pin ATX, 8-pin CPU, and PCIe connectors) are
5. GPU Problems

Cause:

 Driver Issues: Outdated or corrupt graphics drivers can cause display problems.
 Overheating: Like CPUs, GPUs can overheat if their cooling systems are inadequate.

Fix:

 Update Drivers: Download and install the latest drivers from the GPU manufacturer’s website
(e.g., NVIDIA or AMD).
 Clean GPU: Remove dust from the GPU’s cooling system using compressed air.
 Check Cooling: Ensure that the GPU fan is working properly and that there’s adequate airflow
around the GPU.
 Reseat GPU: Power off the computer and reseat the GPU in its PCIe slot to ensure a good
connection.
 Test in Another System: If possible, test the GPU in another system to determine if the issue is
with the GPU or another component.

6. Assembling and Disassembling Process

 Assembling
o Prepare Workspace: Clean and static-free environment.
o Install CPU: Place the CPU into the motherboard socket and secure it.
o Install RAM: Insert RAM modules into the motherboard slots.
o Install Storage: Mount the hard drive or SSD into the case.
o Connect Power Supply: Attach the PSU to the motherboard, CPU, GPU, and
storage devices.
o Connect Peripherals: Attach input and output devices, such as the keyboard,
mouse, and monitor.
o Cable Management: Organize and secure cables to ensure proper airflow
and
aesthetics.
 Disassembling
o Power Down: Shut down the computer and unplug it from the power source.
o Remove Peripherals: Disconnect all external devices.
o Open Case: Remove screws or latches to open the computer case.
o Disconnect Components: Detach cables and remove internal components (e.g.,
RAM, hard drives).
o Remove Internal Components: Unscrew and remove the CPU, GPU, or other
components as needed.

7. Test of Theory of Probable Cause

 Isolate the Problem: Test individual components to see if replacing or reconfiguring

them resolves the issue.
 Use Diagnostic Software: Run hardware diagnostics or system checks to identify
faults.
  Check Connections: Ensure all cables and components are properly connected and
seated.
 Verify Power Supply: Use a PSU tester or multimeter to confirm the power supply
is
functioning correctly.

6. Problem Identification

 Symptom Analysis: Observe and document the specific issues (e.g., error messages,
beeping sounds).
 Error Codes: Look up any error codes or diagnostic messages displayed on the screen or
heard as beep codes.
 System Logs: Review system logs or event viewers for additional clues.
 User Input: Gather information from the user regarding any recent changes or actions
that might have led to the problem.

7. Appropriate Solutions

 Hardware Replacement: If a component is faulty, replace it with a new or known-good

part.
 Software Troubleshooting: Reinstall or update drivers, check for operating system
updates, or perform system restores.
 System Cleaning: Physically clean components to remove dust and debris that might be
causing overheating.
 Configuration Changes: Adjust BIOS/UEFI settings or software configurations that
may be misconfigured.
 Consult Documentation: Refer to manuals or online resources for specific
troubleshooting steps related to the hardware or software in question.