Single-Row Functions

Course Code: CSC 2108 Course Title: Introduction To Database

Department of Computer Science

Faculty of Science and Technology

Lecture No: 06 Semester:

Lecturer: Nyme Ahmed [[email protected]]
Lecture Outline
 SQL Functions
 Types of SQL Functions
 Single-Row Functions
o Character Functions
o Number Functions
o Date Functions
o Conversion Functions
• TO_NUMBER
• TO_CHAR
• TO_DATE
o General Functions
• NVL Function
• NVL2 Function
• NULLIF Function
• Decode Function
SQL Functions

Input Output
Function

arg 1 Function
performs action
arg 2
Result
value

arg n
Two Types of SQL Functions

Functions

Single-row Multiple-row
functions functions
Single-Row Functions
•Manipulate data items
•Accept arguments and return one value
•Act on each row returned
•Return one result per row
•May modify the datatype
•Can be nested

function_name
function_name (column|expression,
(column|expression, [arg1,
[arg1, arg2,...])
arg2,...])
Single-Row Functions

Character

General Number
Single-row
functions

Conversion Date
Character Functions

Character
functions

Case conversion Character manipulation

functions functions
CONCAT
LOWER Trim
SUBSTR Ltrim, Rtrim
UPPER LENGTH Replace
INSTR
INITCAP
LPAD, RPAD
Case Conversion Functions

Convert case for character strings

Function Result
LOWER('SQL Course') sql course
UPPER('SQL Course') SQL COURSE
INITCAP('SQL Course') Sql Course
Using Case Conversion Functions
Display the employee number, name, and department number for employee
Blake.

SQL>
SQL> SELECT
SELECT empno,
empno, ename,
ename, deptno
deptno
22 FROM
FROM emp
emp
33 WHERE
WHERE ename
ename == 'blake';
'blake';
no
no rows
rows selected
selected

SQL> SELECT empno, ename, deptno

2 FROM emp
3 WHERE LOWER(ename) = 'blake';

EMPNO
EMPNO ENAME
ENAME DEPTNO
DEPTNO
---------
--------- ---------- ---------
---------- ---------
7698
7698 BLAKE
BLAKE 30
30
Character Manipulation Functions

Manipulate character strings

Function Result
CONCAT('Good', 'String') GoodString
SUBSTR('String',1,3) Str
LENGTH('String') 6
INSTR('String', 'r') 3
Trim(‘S’ from ‘SSMITH’) MITH
Replace(‘toy’,’y’,’let’) tolet
Using the Character Manipulation
Functions

SQL> SELECT ename, CONCAT (ename, job), LENGTH(ename),

2 INSTR(ename, 'A')
3 FROM emp
4 WHERE SUBSTR(job,1,5) = 'SALES';

ENAME CONCAT(ENAME,JOB) LENGTH(ENAME) INSTR(ENAME,'A')

---------- ------------------- ------------- ----------------
MARTIN MARTINSALESMAN 6 2
ALLEN ALLENSALESMAN 5 1
TURNER TURNERSALESMAN 6 0
WARD WARDSALESMAN 4 2
Number Functions

 ROUND: Rounds value to specified decimal

ROUND(45.926, 2) 45.93
 TRUNC: Truncates value to specified decimal
TRUNC(45.926, 2) 45.92

 MOD: Returns remainder of division

MOD(1600, 300) 100

Using the ROUND Function

SQL> SELECT ROUND(45.923,2), ROUND(45.923,0),

2 ROUND(45.923,-1)
3 FROM DUAL;

ROUND(45.923,2) ROUND(45.923,0) ROUND(45.923,-1)

--------------- -------------- -----------------
45.92 46 50
Using the TRUNC Function

SQL> SELECT TRUNC(45.923,2), TRUNC(45.923),

2 TRUNC(45.923,-1)
3 FROM DUAL;

TRUNC(45.923,2) TRUNC(45.923) TRUNC(45.923,-1)

--------------- ------------- ---------------
45.92 45 40
Using the MOD Function

Calculate the remainder of the ratio of salary to commission for all

employees whose job title is salesman.

SQL> SELECT ename, sal, comm, MOD(sal, comm)

2 FROM emp
3 WHERE job = 'SALESMAN';

ENAME SAL COMM MOD(SAL,COMM)

---------- --------- --------- -------------
MARTIN 1250 1400 1250
ALLEN 1600 300 100
TURNER 1500 0 1500
WARD 1250 500 250
Working with Dates

•Oracle stores dates in an internal numeric format: century, year, month, day, hours,
minutes, seconds.
•The default date format is DD-MON-YY.
•SYSDATE is a function returning date.
•CURRENT_TIMESTAMP is a function returning date and time.
•DUAL is a dummy table used to view SYSDATE, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP and other things.
Arithmetic with Dates

• Add or subtract a number to or from a date for a resultant date value.

• Subtract two dates to find the number of days between those dates.
• Add hours to a date by dividing the number of hours by 24.
Using Arithmetic Operators with
Dates

SQL> SELECT ename, (SYSDATE-hiredate)/7 WEEKS

2 FROM emp
3 WHERE deptno = 10;

ENAME WEEKS
---------- ---------
KING 830.93709
CLARK 853.93709
MILLER 821.36566
Date Functions

Function Description

MONTHS_BETWEEN Number of months

between two dates
ADD_MONTHS Add calendar months to date

NEXT_DAY Next day of the date specified

LAST_DAY Last day of the month

ROUND Round date

TRUNC Truncate date

Using Date Functions

• MONTHS_BETWEEN ('01-SEP-95','11-JAN-94')
19.6774194

• ADD_MONTHS ('11-JAN-94',6) '11-JUL-94'

• NEXT_DAY ('01-SEP-95','FRIDAY') '08-SEP-95'

• LAST_DAY('01-SEP-95') '30-SEP-95'
Using Date Functions

Round(to_date(’25-jul-05’),’month’) => 01-Aug-05

Round(to_date(’25-may-05’),’month’) = > 01-JUN-05

Round(to_date(’25-jul-05’),’Year’) => 01-Jan-06

Round(to_date(’25-may-05’),’Year’) => 01-Jan-05

Trunc(to_date(’25-jul-05’),’month’) => 01-Jul-05

Trunc(to_date(’25-jul-05’),’year’) => 01-Jan-05
Conversion Functions

Datatype
conversion

Implicit datatype Explicit datatype

conversion conversion
Implicit Datatype Conversion

For assignments, the Oracle can automatically convert the following:

From To
VARCHAR2 or CHAR NUMBER

VARCHAR2 or CHAR DATE

NUMBER VARCHAR2

DATE VARCHAR2
Implicit Datatype Conversion

For expression evaluation, the Oracle Server can automatically convert the
following:

From To
VARCHAR2 or CHAR NUMBER

VARCHAR2 or CHAR DATE

Explicit Datatype Conversion

TO_NUMBER TO_DATE

NUMBER CHARACTER DATE

TO_CHAR TO_CHAR
 TO_CHAR Function with Dates

TO_CHAR(date,
TO_CHAR(date, 'fmt')
'fmt')
The format model:
•Must be enclosed in single quotation marks and is case
sensitive
•Can include any valid date format element
•Has an fm element to remove padded blanks or suppress
leading zeros
•Is separated from the date value by a comma
Elements of Date Format Model

YYYY Full year in numbers

YEAR Year spelled out

MM Two-digit value for month

MONTH Full name of the month
MON Three-letter abbreviation of the month
DY Three-letter abbreviation of the day of the week
DD Digit value for date
DAY Full name of the day
Elements of Date Format Model

Time elements format the time portion of the date.

HH24:MI:SS AM 15:45:32 PM
Add character strings by enclosing them in double quotation marks.

DD "of" MONTH 12 of OCTOBER

Using TO_CHAR Function with Dates

SQL> SELECT ename,

2 TO_CHAR(hiredate, 'DD Month YYYY') HIREDATE
3 FROM emp;

ENAME HIREDATE
---------- -----------------
KING 17 November 1981
BLAKE 1 May 1981
CLARK 9 June 1981
JONES 2 April 1981
MARTIN 28 September 1981
ALLEN 20 February 1981
...
14 rows selected.
TO_CHAR Function with Numbers

TO_CHAR(number,
TO_CHAR(number, 'fmt')
'fmt')
Use these formats with the TO_CHAR function to display a number value as a
9
character:
Represents a number
0 Forces a zero to be displayed
$ Places a floating dollar sign
L Uses the floating local currency symbol
. Prints a decimal point
, Prints a thousand indicator
Using TO_CHAR Function with
Numbers

SQL> SELECT TO_CHAR(sal,'$99,999') SALARY

2 FROM emp
3 WHERE ename = 'SCOTT';

SALARY
--------
$3,000
TO_NUMBER and TO_DATE Functions

•Convert a character string to a number format using the

TO_NUMBER function

TO_NUMBER(char[,
TO_NUMBER(char[, 'fmt'])
'fmt'])

• Convert a character string to a date format using the

TO_DATE function

TO_DATE(char[,
TO_DATE(char[, 'fmt'])
'fmt'])
NVL Function
NVL = Null Value Logic

Converts null to an actual value

• Replace the null value
•Datatypes that can be used are date, character, and
number.
•Datatypes must match
NVL(comm,0)
NVL(hiredate,'01-JAN-97')
NVL(job,'No Job Yet')
Using the NVL Function

SQL> SELECT ename, sal, comm, (sal*12)+NVL(comm,0)

2 FROM emp;

ENAME SAL COMM (SAL*12)+NVL(COMM,0)

---------- --------- --------- --------------------
KING 5000 60000
BLAKE 2850 34200
CLARK 2450 29400
JONES 2975 35700
MARTIN 1250 1400 16400
ALLEN 1600 300 19500
...
14 rows selected.
NVL2(expr1,expr2,expr3)

If exp1 is not null it returns exp2

If exp1 is null it returns exp3
else returns exp2
Example: Select comm, sal, comm+sal, nvl2(comm,comm+sal,sal) from emp
 NULLIF(expr1,expr2)

Compares 2 expressions and

returns null if they are equal or the first expression if they are not equal.
Example:
Select ename, job, length(ename),length(job), NULLIF(length(ename),length(job)) from emp;
 DECODE Function

Facilitates conditional inquiries by doing the work of a CASE or IF-THEN-ELSE

statement

DECODE(col/expression,
DECODE(col/expression, search1,
search1, result1
result1
[,
[, search2,
search2, result2,...,]
result2,...,]
[,
[, default])
default])
Using the DECODE Function

SELECT
SELECTJOB,
JOB,SAL,
SAL,
DECODE(JOB,
DECODE(JOB,'ANALYST',
'ANALYST', SAL*1.1,
SAL*1.1,
‘CLERK',
‘CLERK', SAL*1.15,
SAL*1.15,
'MANAGER',
'MANAGER',SAL*1.20,
SAL*1.20,
'PRESIDENT',
'PRESIDENT',SAL)
SAL)"REVISED_SALARY"
"REVISED_SALARY"
FROM
FROM EMP
EMP
WHERE
WHEREJOB
JOBIN
IN('ANALYST',
('ANALYST','CLERK',
'CLERK','MANAGER',
'MANAGER','PRESIDENT')
'PRESIDENT')
Nesting Functions

Single-row functions can be nested to any level.

Nested functions are evaluated from deepest level to the
least-deep level.

F3(F2(F1(col,arg1),arg2),arg3)

Step 1 = Result 1
Step 2 = Result 2
Step 3 = Result 3
 Nesting Functions

SQL> SELECT ename,

2 NVL(TO_CHAR(mgr),'No Manager')
3 FROM emp
4 WHERE mgr IS NULL;

ENAME NVL(TO_CHAR(MGR),'NOMANAGER')
---------- -----------------------------
KING No Manager
Books

1. Modern Database Management (Sixth Edition) by Fred R. McFadden, Jeffrey A.

Hoffer, Mary B. Prescott
2. Database System Concepts (Fifth Edition) by Henry F. Korth, S. Sudarshan, A.
Silberschatz
3. Oracle-database-10g-sql-fundamentals-1-student-guide-volume-1
4. SQL and Relational Theory: How to Write Accurate SQL Code by C.J. Date
5. Database Systems: A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation and
Management (4th Edition) by Thomas M. Connolly, Carolyn E. Begg
6. Fundamentals of Database Systems, 5th Edition by RamezElmasri, Shamkant B.
Navathe
7. Database Design and Relational Theory: Normal Forms and All That Jazz by C. J. Date
8. An Introduction to Database Systems 8th Edition, by C.J. Date
References

1. https://www.db-book.com/db6/slide-dir/index.html
2. https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/20/sqlrf/SQL-Sta
ndards.html#GUID-BCCCFF75-D2A4-43AD-8CAF-C3C97D92AC63
3. https://www.slideshare.net/HaaMeemMohiyuddin1/data-knowledge-and-infor
mation
4. https://www.slideshare.net/tabinhasan/from-data-to-wisdom
5. https://www.slideshare.net/thinnaphat.bo/