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3.TCP protocol

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a widely used transport layer protocol that ensures reliable process-to-process communication over IP. It features full duplex service, connection-oriented communication, and employs mechanisms for reliability, including checksums and sequence numbers. TCP segments data into packets for transmission, with a header that contains essential control information such as port addresses, sequence numbers, and control flags.

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5 views

3.TCP protocol

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a widely used transport layer protocol that ensures reliable process-to-process communication over IP. It features full duplex service, connection-oriented communication, and employs mechanisms for reliability, including checksums and sequence numbers. TCP segments data into packets for transmission, with a header that contains essential control information such as port addresses, sequence numbers, and control flags.

Uploaded by

tehleelkhan32
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Transmission Control Protocol

TCP

• The Transmission Control Protocol is the most


common transport layer protocol. It works
together with IP and provides a reliable
transport service between processes using the
network layer service provided by the IP
protocol.
Services provided by the TCP
• Process-to-Process Communication

TCP provides process to process communication,


i.e., the transfer of data takes place between
individual processes executing on end systems. This
is done using port numbers or port addresses.

• Port numbers are 16 bit long that help identify


which process is sending or receiving data on a host.
Stream oriented

Data is sent and received as a stream of bytes (unlike UDP or IP that


divides the bits into datagram's or packets).

However, the network layer, that provides service for the TCP, sends
packets of information not streams of bytes. Hence, TCP groups a number
of bytes together into a segment and adds a header to each of these
segments and then delivers these segments to the network layer.

At the network layer, each of these segments are encapsulated in an IP


packet for transmission. The TCP header has information that is required
for control purpose which will be discussed along with the segment
structure.
• Full duplex service

This means that the communication can take place in both directions
at the same time.

• Connection oriented service

Unlike UDP, TCP provides connection oriented service. It defines 3


different phases:

1. Connection establishment
2. Data transfer
3. Connection termination
• Reliability

TCP is reliable as it uses checksum for error detection, attempts to recover


lost or corrupted packets by re-transmission, acknowledgement policy and
timers. It uses features like byte number and sequence number and
acknowledgement number so as to ensure reliability. Also, it uses
congestion control mechanisms.

• Multiplexing

TCP does multiplexing and de-multiplexing at the sender and receiver ends
respectively as a number of logical connections can be established between
port numbers over a physical connection.
• Byte number, Sequence number and Acknowledgement number

All the data bytes that are to be transmitted are numbered and the
beginning of this numbering is arbitrary. Sequence numbers are given to
the segments so as to reassemble the bytes at the receiver end even if they
arrive in a different order.

Sequence number of a segment is the byte number of the first byte that is
being sent.

Acknowledgement number is required since TCP provides full duplex


service. Acknowledgement number is the next byte number that the
receiver expects to receive which also provides acknowledgement for
receiving the previous bytes.
TCP Segment structure
The TCP Segment Header

TCP Header.
Header Detail
• The header of a TCP segment can range from 20-60 bytes. 40 bytes are for
options. If there are no options, header is of 20 bytes else it can be of
upmost 60 bytes.

• Source Port Address

16 bit field that holds the port address of the application that is sending the
data segment.

• Destination Port Address

16 bit field that holds the port address of the application in the host that is
receiving the data segment.
• Sequence Number

32 bit field that holds the sequence number, i.e, the byte number of the first
byte that is sent in that particular segment. It is used to reassemble the
message at the receiving end if the segments are received out of order.

• Acknowledgement Number

32 bit field that holds the acknowledgement number, i.e, the byte number
that the receiver expects to receive next. It is an acknowledgment for the
previous bytes being received successfully.
• Header Length (HLEN) – it uses scale of 4

This is a 4 bit field that indicates the length of the TCP header by number
of 4-byte words in the header, i.e, if the header is of 20 bytes(min length of
TCP header), then this field will hold 5 (because 5 x 4 = 20) and the
maximum length: 60 bytes, then it’ll hold the value 15(because 15 x 4 =
60). Hence, the value of this field is always between 5 and 15.
• Control flags

These are 6 1-bit control bits that control connection establishment,


connection termination, connection abortion, flow control, mode of
transfer etc. Their function is:
• URG: Urgent pointer is valid
• ACK: Acknowledgement number is valid( used in case of cumulative
acknowledgement)
• PSH: Request for push
• RST: Reset the connection
• SYN: Synchronize sequence numbers
• FIN: Terminate the connection
• Window size

This field tells the window size of the sending TCP in bytes.

• Checksum

This field holds the checksum for error control. It is mandatory in TCP as
opposed to UDP. (for extra reliability)

• Urgent pointer

This field (valid only if the URG control flag is set) is used to point to data
that is urgently required that needs to reach the receiving process at the
earliest. The value of this field is added to the sequence number to get the
byte number of the last urgent byte.

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