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Hypothesis Testing One Sample t Test

The document provides an overview of hypothesis testing, focusing on the one-sample t-test, which compares a sample mean to a known population mean. It outlines the steps involved in hypothesis testing, the formulation of null and alternative hypotheses, and the assumptions necessary for the validity of the t-test. Additionally, it discusses the interpretation of p-values, significance levels, types of errors, and practical applications across various fields.

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3 views

Hypothesis Testing One Sample t Test

The document provides an overview of hypothesis testing, focusing on the one-sample t-test, which compares a sample mean to a known population mean. It outlines the steps involved in hypothesis testing, the formulation of null and alternative hypotheses, and the assumptions necessary for the validity of the t-test. Additionally, it discusses the interpretation of p-values, significance levels, types of errors, and practical applications across various fields.

Uploaded by

GhostPeas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hypothesis

Testing: One
Sample t-Test
In the realm of statistics, hypothesis testing plays a crucial role in drawing
inferences from data. The one-sample t-test is a fundamental statistical
tool that allows us to compare the mean of a sample to a known or
hypothesized population mean. This test is widely used in various fields,
including healthcare, engineering, and social sciences, to determine if
there is sufficient evidence to support or reject a claim about a population
parameter.

by Shan Mathew Arganda


Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
Hypothesis testing is a structured process used to determine whether there is enough evidence to reject a null hypothesis. The null hypothesis
is a statement that there is no difference or relationship between variables. The goal of hypothesis testing is to see if the data collected
contradicts the null hypothesis.

1 Formulate a hypothesis 2 Collect data


The first step involves formulating a null hypothesis (H0) and Next, you collect data that is relevant to your hypothesis. This
an alternative hypothesis (H1). The null hypothesis is the data should be a random sample from the population of
statement you are trying to disprove, while the alternative interest.
hypothesis is the statement you are trying to prove.

3 Analyze the data 4 Draw a conclusion


The collected data is then analyzed using statistical tests, Finally, based on the analysis, a conclusion is drawn
such as the one-sample t-test, to determine whether there is regarding the null hypothesis. Either the null hypothesis is
enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis. rejected or it is not rejected (we cannot definitively prove the
null hypothesis, only fail to reject it).
Defining the Null and Alternative
Hypotheses
The null and alternative hypotheses are the cornerstones of any hypothesis test. The null hypothesis (H0) represents the status
quo or the default assumption. It often states that there is no difference or relationship between variables. The alternative
hypothesis (H1), on the other hand, represents the claim or the effect that we are trying to establish. It contradicts the null
hypothesis.

Null Hypothesis (H0) Alternative Hypothesis (H1)

The null hypothesis is the statement that we are trying to The alternative hypothesis is the statement that we are trying
disprove. It often represents the status quo or the default to prove. It contradicts the null hypothesis and often states
assumption. For example, in a one-sample t-test, the null that there is a difference or relationship between variables.
hypothesis could be that the mean of the sample is equal to For example, the alternative hypothesis could be that the
the hypothesized population mean. mean of the sample is different from the hypothesized
population mean.
Assumptions for One Sample t-Test
The one-sample t-test relies on several assumptions that must be met to ensure the validity of the test results. These
assumptions are:

Normality Independence Equal Variances (if


applicable)
The population from which the The observations in the sample
sample is drawn must be normally must be independent of each other. If comparing two samples, the
distributed. This assumption can be This means that the value of one variances of the two populations
checked using graphical methods observation should not influence should be equal. If not, a modified
such as histograms and Q-Q plots, the value of any other observation version of the t-test, known as the
or by performing statistical tests like in the sample. Welch's t-test, can be used.
the Shapiro-Wilk test.
Test Statistic and p-value Calculation
The test statistic for a one-sample t-test measures how many standard errors the sample mean is away from the hypothesized population
mean. The formula for the test statistic is:

t= (Sample Mean - Hypothesized Population Mean) / (Sample


Standard Deviation / √Sample Size)

The p-value represents the probability of observing a test statistic as extreme as the one calculated, assuming that the null hypothesis is true.
A small p-value indicates that the observed data is unlikely to have occurred by chance if the null hypothesis is true.
Interpreting the p-value
The p-value is a crucial element in hypothesis testing, as it provides a measure of the strength of evidence against the null
hypothesis. To interpret the p-value, we compare it to a predetermined significance level (α). The significance level represents the
threshold for rejecting the null hypothesis.

p-value < α p-value ≥ α


If the p-value is less than the significance level, we reject If the p-value is greater than or equal to the significance
the null hypothesis. This indicates that the observed data level, we fail to reject the null hypothesis. This means that
provides strong evidence against the null hypothesis and the observed data does not provide sufficient evidence to
supports the alternative hypothesis. reject the null hypothesis. It does not mean that the null
hypothesis is true, but rather that we do not have enough
evidence to conclude that it is false.
Selecting the Appropriate Significance Level
The significance level (α) is a predetermined threshold that represents the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is
actually true. It is typically set at 0.05, which means that we are willing to accept a 5% chance of rejecting the null hypothesis
when it is true. However, the choice of significance level should be based on the context of the research and the consequences of
making a wrong decision.

Type I Error Type II Error Significance Level


Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is Failing to reject the null hypothesis The probability of making a Type I error.
actually true. This is also known as a when it is actually false. This is also It is the threshold for rejecting the null
false positive. known as a false negative. hypothesis.
Types of Errors in
Hypothesis Testing
In hypothesis testing, there is always a possibility of making an error. The
two main types of errors are:

Error Type Description Example

Type I Error Rejecting the null Conclude that a


hypothesis when it new drug is
is true (false effective when it is
positive) not

Type II Error Failing to reject the Conclude that a


null hypothesis new drug is not
when it is false effective when it is
(false negative)
One-Tailed vs. Two-Tailed Tests
The direction of the alternative hypothesis determines whether a one-tailed or two-tailed test is used. A one-tailed test examines
if there is a difference in a specific direction, while a two-tailed test checks for a difference in either direction.

One-Tailed Test Two-Tailed Test

The alternative hypothesis specifies the direction of the The alternative hypothesis does not specify the direction of
difference. For example, H1: mean > hypothesized mean. the difference. For example, H1: mean ≠ hypothesized mean.
Practical Examples and Applications
The one-sample t-test finds applications in various fields. It can be used to determine if a new treatment is effective compared to a standard
treatment, assess if a manufacturing process meets a specific target, or analyze the effectiveness of a training program on employee performance.

1 Medical Research
Comparing the average blood pressure of a group of patients taking a new medication to the known average blood pressure for a
similar population.

2 Quality Control
Checking if the average weight of a batch of manufactured products meets the required specifications.

3 Education
Evaluating the effectiveness of a new teaching method by comparing the average test scores of students who received the new
method to the known average scores of similar students who received traditional teaching methods.

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