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Chapter 1 Classification

The document discusses the classification of living organisms based on characteristics such as movement, respiration, and reproduction, and introduces the binomial naming system created by Linnaeus. It outlines the major kingdoms of life, including Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protoctista, and Prokaryotes, along with their specific traits. Additionally, it explains the classification of various animal and plant groups, highlighting methods for identifying organisms using dichotomous keys.

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Fatima Nawaz
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3 views

Chapter 1 Classification

The document discusses the classification of living organisms based on characteristics such as movement, respiration, and reproduction, and introduces the binomial naming system created by Linnaeus. It outlines the major kingdoms of life, including Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protoctista, and Prokaryotes, along with their specific traits. Additionally, it explains the classification of various animal and plant groups, highlighting methods for identifying organisms using dichotomous keys.

Uploaded by

Fatima Nawaz
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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• Chapter 1 :- Classification

Characteristics of
living things
Seven characteristics of living Organisms:-
1. Movement
2. Respiration
3. Sensitivity
4. growth
5. Reproduction
6. Excretion
7. Nutrition
All living beings are made up of cell.
Classification
Classification means putting things into groups.
Use DNA to help with classification:-
In the past Organisms were classified by looking at their morphology and anatomy.
But we now have tools to help work out evolutionary relationships, etc. Study of DNA.
DNA
DNA is the chemical from which our chromosomes are made. It is genetic material.
Each DNA molecule is made up of strings of smaller molecules containing four
different bases. Which you will further study in chapter 4. The more similar the base
sequence of two Organisms the more closely related the species. That similarity in
the sequence of amino acids in proteins can be used in the same way.
The classification
system
The first person to classify Organism in a scientific way:-
• Was a Swedish naturalist called Linnaeus
• Introduced the system in 1735
• Divided living things into groups called species.
• Recognized 12,000 different species
Organisms belong to the same species if their offspring can breed. Species are
grouped into larger groups called genera. Each genus contains several species.
Genera are grouped into families that further group into order, classes then
classes into phyla and phyla into Kingdom.
The binomial naming system
Linnaeus gave every species of living Organism 2 names written in Latin. This is
called the binomial system. The first name is the name of the genus of
organism and always has a capital letter and the second name is the name of its
species which is always in small letters. The two-word name is called a
binomial. These names are printed in italics.
Kingdom of living organisms And
their characteristics
Animals
• Multicellular
• Cells have a nucleus but no cell walls or chloroplast
• Feed on organic substances made by other living organisms
Protoctista
• Multicellular or unicellular
• Cells have a nucleus may have a cell wall and
chloroplast
Plant • Some feed by photosynthesis others on
• Multicellular
organic substances made by others.
• Cells have a nucleus, cell walls made of cellulose and often
contain chloroplast
• Feed by photo sentences
• May have roots stems and leaves Prokaryotes
• Often unicellular
Fungi • Have no nucleus, have cell walls not made of
• Usually, multicellular cellulose, have no mitochondria
• Have nuclei, and cell wall but no chlorophyll
• Feed by saprophytic or parasitic nutrition.
Viruses
Viruses cause diseases such as colds, influenza, AIDS,
etc. Viruses get inside a living cell and take over the cell
machinery to make multiple copies of themselves.
Then they invade other cells the host cell is usually
killed when this happens. Viruses cannot move feed
excrete sensitivity grow or reproduce on their own.
Classification of animal kingdom

Kingdom Animal

Phylum Vertebrate Nematode Annelids molluscs Arthropods

Class Reptile Amphibian Birds Fish Mammals Insects


Vertebrate

1. Fish
• Have scaly skin
• Have gills and fin
• Live in water

2. Amphibians
• Have moist, scaleless skin
• Eggs laid in water, tadpoles live in water
• Adult often lives on lands
• Larva has gills, adult has lung

3. Birds
• Lay eggs with waterproof hard shell
• Have feathers, beak, 4-chambered heart, and forelimbs
become wings
• Endothermic
4. Reptile
• Have scaly skin
• Lay eggs with rubbery shells
• Eggs have waterproof shells which
stop them from drying

5. Mammals
• Have hair, placenta, diaphragm, the
heart has 4 chamber
• Young feed on milk from mammary
glands
• Endothermic
• Have different types of teeth (incisors,
canines, premolars and molars)
Arthropods
1. Insects
• Are exoskeleton
• Breathe through the trachea
• 3 pairs of jointed legs
• The body is divided into 3 sectors
(head, thorax, and abdomen)
• E.g. Bees
2. Crustaceans
• 4 pairs of jointed legs
• Not millipedes or centipedes
• Breathe through gills
• E.g. Crab lobster
3. Arachnids
• Land-dwelling organism
• Are exoskeleton
• 4 pairs of jointed legs
• Breathe through gills called book lungs.
4. Myriapods
• Are exoskeleton
• The body consists of many segments
• Each segment has jointed legs
• E.g., Are centipedes and millipedes
Classification of Plants Plant
kingdom

Flowering
Mosses Ferns
1. Ferns plant

• Have leave called fonds


• Not produce flowers
• Reproduce using spores on the underside of
fonds
2. Flowering plant
• Reproduce using flowers and seeds
• Can be divided into 2 main groups:-
1. monocotyledonous 2. dicotyledonous
• Monocots have 1 cotyledon in their
seed (Leave’s vein runs parallel).
• Dicots have 2 cotyledons in their
seeds ( have network branching veins )
Keys
If you want to identify an organism whose name, you do know but have
its picture. If this happens you can often find a key. A key is a way of
leading you through to name of your organism by giving you two
descriptions at a time and asking you to choose between them. This
leads you to another pair of descriptions until you end up with the
name of your Organism. This kind of key is called a dichotomous .

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