Chapter 1

Introduction to Java
 History of Java

ava was originally designed for small embedded systems interactive television, set-top boxes
However, it was best suited for internet programming and was incorporated by Netscape.
Java team members were known as Green Team

Java was developed by James Gosling, who is known as the father of Java, in
1995
Team of James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick
Naughton initiated the Java language project in June 1991. The small
team of sun engineers was called as Green Team
Firstly, it was called "Greentalk"
Later it was called Oak
Oak is a symbol of strength and chosen as a national tree of many countries like the U.S.A.,
France, Germany, Romania, etc

Oak was renamed as "Java" in 1995 because it was already a trademark by Oak
Technologies.
JDK 1.0 was released on January 23, 1996
 Java Versions

JDK Alpha and Beta (1995) Java SE 10 (20th Mar 2018)

JDK 1.0 (23rd Jan 1996) Java SE 11 (September 2018)
JDK 1.1 (19th Feb 1997) Java SE 12 (March 2019)
J2SE 1.2 (8th Dec 1998) Java SE 13 (September 2019)
J2SE 1.3 (8th May 2000) Java SE 14 (Mar 2020)
J2SE 1.4 (6th Feb 2002) Java SE 15 (September 2020)
J2SE 5.0 (30th Sep 2004) Java SE 16 (Mar 2021)
Java SE 6 (11th Dec 2006) Java SE 17 (September 2021)
Java SE 7 (28th July 2011) Java SE 18 (March 2022)
Java SE 8 (18th Mar 2014) Java SE 19 (October 2022)
Java SE 9 (21st Sep 2017) Java SE 20 (to be released by March 2023
Features of Java

Object-oriented
• Everything in Java is an object.
• Software is a combination of different types of objects
that incorporate both data and behavior
What are the object oriented features?

Simple
• very easy to learn, syntax is simple and easy to
understand
Secured
• No explicit
• pointer
Java Programs run inside a virtual
machine
• It also has class loader, bytecode verifier and security
manager
Features of Java

Platform Independent
• Java is a write once, run anywhere
language.

Robust
• It uses strong memory management.
• pointers are not there, hence avoids security
• problems.
Java provides automatic garbage collection.
• There are exception handling & type checking mechanism
Portable
• Java facilitates us to carry the Java bytecode to any
platform
Features of Java

Architecture Neutral
• There are no implementation dependent features

• Example, the size of primitive types is

fixed.

Dynamic
• It supports the dynamic loading of classes

• It means classes are loaded on

demand.

Interpreted
• Java compiler first compiles source code into a byte-
code.
• At run time Java Virtual Machine interprets byte-code
and executes it.
Features of Java

High Performance
• Java is faster than other traditional interpreted
programming languages because Java bytecode is
similar to native code.
Multithreaded
• A thread is like a separate program, executing
concurrently. We can write Java programs that deal
with many tasks at once by defining multiple threads.

Distributed
• Java is distributed because it facilitates users to create
distributed applications in Java.
• RMI is used for creating distributed applications.

• It makes us able to access files by calling the methods

from any machine on the internet.
 JDK

Java Development kit (JDK)

• JDK contains tools required to write Java programs and JRE to execute them.

• It includes a compiler, Java application launcher, Appletviewer, etc.

• Compiler converts code written in Java into byte code.

• Java application launcher opens a JRE, loads the necessary class, and executes its main
method.
 JRE

Java Runtime Environment (JRE)

• JRE contains class libraries, JVM, and other supporting files. It does not include any tool for Java
development like a debugger, compiler, etc.

• It uses important package classes like math, swing, util, lang, awt, and runtime libraries.

• If you have to run Java applets, then JRE must be installed in your system.
 JIT

Just In Time Compiler

• JIT compiler is a component of the runtime environment that improves the performance of Java
applications by compiling bytecodes to native machine code at run time.

• The JIT compiler helps improve the performance of Java programs

 Bytecode

• Bytecode is a highly optimized set of instructions for the Java Virtual Machine

• Bytecode is a platform-independent set of instructions primarily because it is interpreted and executed

by the JVM.
• Bytecode lies in-between low-level and high-level sets of instructions.
 JVM

Java Virtual Machine

• The Java virtual machine manages application memory and provides a portable
execution environment for Java-based applications.

• The Java virtual machine is a program whose purpose is to execute other

programs
The JVM has two primary
functions:
1. to allow Java programs to run on any device or operating system (known as the "write once,
run anywhere" principle)
2. to manage and optimize program
memory
DataTypes
DataTypes
Final, static, abstract
Array, Functions
Array, Functions
 Array, Functions

Jagged Array
As multidimensional array is array of array, each array has its own different length
Array, Functions
Array, Functions