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Introduction to Signals

The document provides an introduction to signals, defining them as physical quantities that vary with time or space and contain information about phenomena. It classifies signals into continuous-time and discrete-time, and discusses various representations and transformations of these signals, including time shifting, scaling, and reversal. Additionally, it includes examples and graphical representations to illustrate these concepts.

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4 views

Introduction to Signals

The document provides an introduction to signals, defining them as physical quantities that vary with time or space and contain information about phenomena. It classifies signals into continuous-time and discrete-time, and discusses various representations and transformations of these signals, including time shifting, scaling, and reversal. Additionally, it includes examples and graphical representations to illustrate these concepts.

Uploaded by

gusionarelegend1212
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Signals

Engr. Pablo B. Asi


Signal Representation

• Signal is defined as any physical quantity


that varies with time, space or any other
independent variable.
• Signal typically contains information about
the behavior or nature of the phenomenon
Examples of Signals

• Speech: 1-Dimension signal as a function


of time s(t);.
• Grey-scale image: 2-Dimension signal as
a function of space i(x,y)
• Video: 3 x 3-Dimension signal as a
function of space and time {r(x,y,t),
g(x,y,t), b(x,y,t)} .
Examples of Signals
Classification of Signals

• Continuous-Time Signals – x(t)


– signals are defined for every value of time and
they take on values in the continuous interval
(a,b) where “a” may be -∞ and “b” may be +∞
• Discrete-Time Signals – x[n]
– A function of an independent variable that is
an integer and defined only at discrete-time
instants
Classification of Signals
Signal Processing
Representation of
Discrete-Time Signals
• Graphical Representation
• Functional Representation
• Tabular Representation
• Sequence Representation
Representation of
Discrete-Time Signals
X[n]

5
4 n 1 2 3 4
3
x[n] 2 3 1 4
2
1
n Tabular Representation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Graphical Representation

{ }
2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛=1
3 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛= 2
𝑥 [ 𝑛 ] = 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛=3
4 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛= 4
𝑥 [ 𝑛 ] ={ 2 3 1 4 }
0 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒𝑤𝑒h𝑟𝑒 Sequence Representation
Functional Representation
Transformations of the
Independent Variable
TIME SHIFT
Delaying or advancing the signal
• Continuous-Time
– x(t-k) is the shifted version of x(t)
• Discrete-Time
– x[n-k] is the shifted version of x[n]

• If k is +, x(t-k) is delayed, towards the right


• If k is -, x(t-(-k)) is advanced, towards the left
Transformations of the
Independent Variable
TIME SCALING
Compression or expansion of signal
• Continuous-Time
– the signal x(t), if t is replaced by kt, then the
new signal x(kt)
• Discrete-Time
– The signal x[n] is replaced by x[kn]
• If k>1, then x(t) is compressed by a factor of k
• If k<1, then x(t) is stretched by a factor of k
Transformations of the
Independent Variable
TIME REVERSAL
Mirroring of signal with respect to y-axis
• Continuous-Time
– the signal x(t) can be reversed about the time
t=0 by replacing t by –t
– x(-t) is then the reflection of x(t) about t=0
• Discrete-Time
– The signal x[-n] is obtained from the signal
x[n] by reflection about n=0
Transformations of the
Independent Variable
• Amplitude scaling of a signal by a constant
A is accomplished by multiplying the value
of every signal sample by A
y[n] = A x[n]
Transformations of the
Independent Variable
• The sum of two signals x1[n] and x2[n] is a
signal y[n], whose value at any instant is
equal to the sum of the values of these
two signals at that instant
y[n] = x1[n] + x2[n]
Transformations of the
Independent Variable
• The product of two signals is similarly
defined on a sample-to-sample basis as
y[n] = x1[n] x2[n]
Example 1

Given the CTS signal below, graph the


following: X(t)

a. x(2t) 5
4
b. x(1/2t) 3
2
c. x(t-3) 1
d. x(t+5) t
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
e. x(-t)
f. x(-2t+5)
Example 2

Given the CTS signal below, graph the


following: X(t)

a. x(t+7) 5
4
b. x(t-5) 3
2
c. x(2/3t) 1
d. x(3t) t
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
e. x(-t)
f. x(-2t-3)
Example 3

Given the CTS signal below, graph the


following: X(t)

a. x(-t) 5
4
b. x(t+1) 3
2
c. x(-t+1) 1
d. x(3/2t) t
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
e. x(3/2t+1)
Example 4

Given the DTS signal below, graph the


following: X[n]

a. x[n-2] 5
4
b. x[2n] 3
c. x[-n] 2
1
d. x[-n+2] n
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Example 5

Given the DTS signal below, graph


x [n]
the
following:
1

a. y1[n] = 3x1[n] 4
3
2
b. y2[n] = x1[n] + x2[n] 1
n
c. y3[n] = x1[n] x2[n] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
x2[n]
d. y4[n] = 2x1[n] + {-3x2[n]} 5
4
3
2
1
n
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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