I.T.

200A – THESIS 1
LECTURE 4
DETERMINE THE SAMPLE SIZE OF THE POPULATION
SLOVIN(1960) Formula

Where
n = sample size
N = population size
e = desired margin of error
To use the formula, first figure out what you want your error of
tolerance to be. For example, you may be happy with a confidence level
of 95 percent (giving a margin error of 5% or 0.05), or you may require a
tighter accuracy of a 98 percent confidence level (a margin of error of
2% or 0.02). Plug your population size and required margin of error into
the formula. The result will be the number of samples you need to take.
 CONFIDENCE LEVEL and MARGIN OF ERROR(α)
The confidence level refers to the percentage of probability, or certainty that the confidence
interval would contain the true population parameter when you draw a random sample many times. It is
expressed as a percentage and represents how often the percentage of the population who would
pick an answer lies within the confidence interval.
For example, a 95% confidence level means that should you repeat an experiment or survey over
and over again, 95 percent of the time, your results will match the results you get from a population. The
5% is the margin of error (α).
The larger your sample size, the more confident you can be that their answers truly reflect the
population. In other words, the larger your sample for a given confidence level, the smaller your margin
of error(α).
DETERMINE THE SAMPLE SIZE OF THE POPULATION
SLOVIN(1960) Formula

Example:
Determine the sample size of a population of 1,000 elements with a
margin of error of ±5%.
Given:
N = 1,000
Confidence Level = 95%
Margin of error = ±5%
e = ±5%
DETERMINE THE SAMPLE SIZE OF THE POPULATION
GeoPoll’s Sampling Techniques

Where
Confidence Interval = margin of error
StdDev = a standard deviation of 0.5 is a safe choice where the figure
is unknown.
This table shows the z-scores for the most common confidence levels:

Confidence Level Z-score

80% 1.28
85% 1.44
90% 1.65
95% 1.96
99% 2.58
 STANDARD DEVIATION
Another critical measure when determining the sample size is the
standard deviation, which measures a data set’s distribution from its
mean. In calculating the sample size, the standard deviation is useful in
estimating how much the responses you receive will vary from each other
and from the mean number, and the standard deviation of a sample can be
used to approximate the standard deviation of a population.

The higher the distribution or variability, the greater the standard

deviation and the greater the magnitude of the deviation. For example,
once you have already sent out your survey, how much variance do you
expect in your responses? That variation in responses is the standard
deviation.
DETERMINE THE SAMPLE SIZE OF THE POPULATION
GeoPoll’s Sampling Techniques

Example:
Determine the sample size of a population with a margin of error of
±5% and standard deviation of 0.5.
Given:
Confidence Level = 95%
Confidence Interval = ±5%
Z-score = 1.96
Standard Deviation = 0.5
384.16 or 384
 WHEN TO USE?
Slovin Formula GeoPoll’s Sampling
Techniques
• When the behaviour(normal • When the behaviour(normal
distribution or standard distribution or standard
deviation) of the population deviation) of the population
is unknown. is known.
 USABILITY
Usability is a quality attribute that assesses how easy a user
interface is to use. The term usability also refers to methods for
improving ease-of-use throughout the entire design process.
DIMENSIONS OF USABILITY
1. Effective. The completeness and accuracy with which users achieve their
goals.
2. Efficient. The speed and accuracy with which users can complete their
tasks.
3. Engaging. The degree to which the tone and style of the interface makes
the product pleasing or satisfying to use.
4. Error tolerant. How well the design prevents errors and helps with
recovery from those that do occur.
5. Easy to learn. How well the product supports both initial orientation and an
 PSSUQ(Post-Study System Usabilty
Questionnaire)
The PSSUQ (Post-Study System Usability Questionnaire
is a 16-item standardized questionnaire. It is widely used to
measure users’ perceived satisfaction of a website,
software, system or product at the end of a study.
PSSUQ originated from an internal IBM project called
SUMS (System Usability Metrics) in 1988. A few rounds of
improvements have resulted in PSSUQ Version 3, which is
the one used today.
Use PSSUQ to determine the level of usability in
objective no.5 next semester in IT 200B – Thesis 2.
 Measuring PSSUQ(Post-Study System Usabilty
Questionnaire)
PSSUQ follows a 7-point Likert Scale (+ NA option). The overall result
is calculated by averaging the scores from the 7 points of the scale. Unlike
SUS(System Usability Scale),which is another alternative to PSSUQ, as
there are more questions in PSSUQ, it also has 3 sub-scales, namely
system usefulness, information quality, and interface quality.
• Overall: the average scores of questions 1 to 16
• System Usefulness (SYSUSE): the average scores of questions 1 to 6
• Information Quality (INFOQUAL): the average scores of questions 7 to 12
• Interface Quality (INTERQUAL): the average scores of questions 13 to
15
The sub-scales provide a more detailed breakdown of different factors
affecting the website, software, system or product.
 Interpreting PSSUQ(Post-Study System
Usabilty Questionnaire)
PSSUQ score starts with 1 (strongly agree) and ends with 7
(strongly disagree). The lower the score, the better the
performance and satisfaction.
However, 4 is neutral but may not be the average and a
score below 4 does not indicate that your website, software,
system or product have performed above average.
One of the advantages of using standardized usability
questionnaires such as PSSUQ is its replicability. You can easily
replicate PSSUQ across your studies. When you do so, you will
be able to derive the PSSUQ average for your particular system.
 Interpreting PSSUQ(Post-Study System
Usabilty Questionnaire)
As PSSUQ can be further broken down into Overall
score, SYSUSE score, INFOQUAL score and INTERQUAL
score, you should also examine closely the scores for each
of the 16 questions.
For instance, most of the systems tend to perform
worse for question 7 which is “The system gave error
messages that clearly told me how to fix problems.”. This
implies that more efforts should be put in to design a good
error message. An investment in UX Writing may be
 Interpreting PSSUQ(Post-Study System Usabilty
Questionnaire)
Several academic research performed to test on the
reliability of this scale as well as determining the norm of
constructs and individual questions. To make sense of the scores
derived from PSSUQ version 3, the following means determined
by Sauro and Lewis (2016) involving 21 studies and 210
participants may be helpful in interpreting the scores you get from
your research:
SYSUSE: 2.80
INFOQUAL: 3.02
INTERQUAL: 2.49
PSSUQ Template 1
PSSUQ Template 2
 Online PSSUQ Calculator
https://uiuxtrend.com/pssuq-calculator/
 WHAT TO DO?
1. Create the Survey Questionnaire with Face Validation
for the degree of problem and submit to three(3)
experts for face validation.
2. Gather the current procedures of the existing manual
system in responding the Objective No.2 through Client
Interview. Write the detailed steps or procedures of
their work related to your software proposal and draw a
flowchart of the current procedures.
3. Identify the features(functional requirements) of the
thesis software project in responding the Objective
No.3 through Client Interview.
 ASSIGNMENT
• Add your chosen formula to determine
the sample size and discuss to your
treatment of data.
• Add PSSUQ to your treatment of data
to determine the level of usability in
objective no.5
 TARGET DEADLINE
The Final Thesis Proposal Presentation is on the
2nd week of April.
Must prepare the following:
1. Thesis Document(Chapter 1, 2 and 3(Results and
Discussion - Degree of Problems of Objective no.1 and
Features of the Software Project of Objective no.3))
2. Software Prototype
 ASSIGNMENT
Conduct interview to gather data for objectives no.1 and 4 and
administer survey questionnaire for objective no.1 to your client.
1. determine the degree of problems encountered by the IHK faculty,
staff and students;
2. gather the current procedures in the existing inventory and
monitoring system of sports equipment and venue reservation of the
IHK;
3. identify the features for the inventory and monitoring system of
sports equipment and venue reservation of the IHK;
4. design and develop a software application to record, track sports
equipment and reserve sports venue; and
5. assess the level of usability of the software project by the IHK
“Scientific research can reduce superstition
by encouraging people to think and view things
in terms of cause and effect.”
Albert Einstein

END OF LECTURE