1

Second Law of Thermodynamics

 Introduction

 A process must satisfy the first law in order to occur.

 Satisfying the first law alone does not ensure that the process will take
place.

 Second law is useful:

 provide means for predicting the direction of processes,

 establishing conditions for equilibrium,
 determining the best theoretical performance of cycles, engines
and other devices.

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A cup of hot coffee does
not get hotter in a cooler
room.
Transferring
heat to a paddle
wheel will not
cause it to
rotate.

These processes cannot

occur even though they are
Transferring heat to a wire not in violation of the first
will not generate electricity. law.
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Second Law of Thermodynamics

Kelvin-Planck statement
 No heat engine can have a
thermal efficiency 100
percent.

 As for a power plant to

operate, the working fluid
must exchange heat with the
environment as well as the
furnace.

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 Heat Engines

 Heat engine differ considerably from one

another, but all can be characterized :
o they receive heat from a high-
temperature source

o they convert part of this heat to

work
o they reject the remaining waste heat to
a low-
temperature sink atmosphere
o they operate on a cycle

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The work-producing
device that best fit
into the definition of
a heat engine is the
steam power plant,
which is an external
combustion engine.

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 Thermal Efficiency

 Represent the magnitude of the energy wasted in

order to complete the cycle.
 A measure of the performance that is called the
thermal efficiency.
 Can be expressed in terms of the desired output
and the required input
Desired Result
 th 
Required Input
 For a heat engine the desired result is the net
work done and the input is the heat supplied to
make the cycle operate. 7
The thermal efficiency is always less than 1 or less
than 100 percent.

Wnet , out
 th 
Qin
where

Wnet , out Wout  Win

Qin Qnet

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 Applying the first law to the cyclic heat engine

Qnet , in  Wnet , out U

Wnet , out Qnet , in
Wnet , out Qin  Qout
 The cycle thermal efficiency may be written as

Wnet , out
 th 
Qin
Qin  Qout

Qin
Qout
1 
Qin 9
 A thermodynamic temperature scale related to the
heat transfers between a reversible device and the
high and low-temperature reservoirs by

QL TL

QH TH

 The heat engine that operates on the reversible

Carnot cycle is called the Carnot Heat Engine in which
its efficiency is

TL
 th , rev 1 
TH
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 Heat Pumps and Refrigerators

 A device that transfers heat from a low

temperature medium to a high temperature
one is the heat pump.

 Refrigerator operates exactly like heat pump

except that the desired output is the amount
of heat removed out of the system

 The index of performance of a heat pumps or

refrigerators are expressed in terms of the
coefficient of performance.

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12
 Q QH QL
COPHP  H  COPR 
Wnet , in QH  QL Wnet , in
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 Carnot Cycle

Process Description

1-2 Reversible isothermal heat addition at

high temperature
2-3 Reversible adiabatic expansion from
high temperature to low temperature
3-4 Reversible isothermal heat rejection at
low temperature
4-1 Reversible adiabatic compression from
low temperature to high temperature

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Execution of Carnot cycle in a piston cylinder
device 15
16
 The thermal efficiencies of actual and reversible heat
engines operating between the same temperature
limits compare as follows

 The coefficients of performance of actual and reversible

refrigerators operating between the same temperature
limits compare as follows

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Example 4.1
Solution:
A steam power plant
produces 50 MW of Wnet , out
 th 
net work while QH
burning fuel to 50 MW
 0.333 or 33.3%
produce 150 MW of 150 MW

heat energy at the

Wnet , out QH  QL
high temperature.
Determine the cycle QL QH  Wnet , out
thermal efficiency and 150 MW  50 MW
the heat rejected by 100 MW
the cycle to the
surroundings.

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Example 4.2

A Carnot heat engine receives 500 kJ of heat per cycle from a

high-temperature heat reservoir at 652ºC and rejects heat to a
low-temperature heat reservoir at 30ºC. Determine :
(a) The thermal efficiency of this Carnot engine
(b) The amount of heat rejected to the low-temperature
heat reservoir

Solution:

TH = 652oC
TL QL TL
QH
 th , rev 1  
TH QH TH
HE
WOUT
(30  273) K (30  273) K
1   0.328
QL (652  273) K (652  273) K
TL = 30oC 0.672 or 67.2% QL 500 kJ (0.328)
164 kJ
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Example 4.3

An inventor claims to have developed a refrigerator that

maintains the refrigerated space at 2ºC while operating in a
room where the temperature is 25ºC and has a COP of 13.5. Is
there any truth to his claim?

Solution:

TH = 25oC
QL TL
COPR  
QH QH  QL TH  TL
(2  273) K
R
Win 
(25  2) K
QL 11.96
T L = 2 oC

- this claim is also false!

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Supplementary Problem 4.1

1. A 600 MW steam power plant, which is cooled by a river, has a

thermal efficiency of 40 percent. Determine the rate of heat
transfer to the river water. Will the actual heat transfer rate be
higher or lower than this value? Why?

[900 MW]
2. A steam power plant receives heat from a furnace at a rate of
280 GJ/h. Heat losses to the surrounding air from the steam as it
passes through the pipes and other components are estimated
to be about 8 GJ/h. If the waste heat is transferred to the cooling
water at a rate of 145 GJ/h, determine (a) net power output and
(b) the thermal efficiency of this power plant.
[ 35.3
MW, 45.4% ]
3. An air conditioner removes heat steadily from a house at a rate
of 750 kJ/min while drawing electric power at a rate of 6 kW.
Determine (a) the COP of this air conditioner and (b) the rate of
heat transfer to the outside air.
[ 2.08,
1110 kJ/min ]
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4. Determine the COP of a heat pump that supplies energy to a
house at a rate of 8000 kJ/h for each kW of electric power it
draws. Also, determine the rate of energy absorption from the
outdoor air.

5. [An inventor
2.22, 4400 kJ/hclaims
] to have developed a heat engine that receives
700 kJ of heat from a source at 500 K and produces 300 kJ of net
work while rejecting the waste heat to a sink at 290 K. Is this
reasonable claim?

6. An air-conditioning system operating on the reversed Carnot

cycle is required to transfer heat from a house at a rate of 750
kJ/min to maintain its temperature at 24oC. If the outdoor air
temperature is 35oC, determine the power required to operate
this air-conditioning system.
[ 0.463 kW ]
7. A heat pump is used to heat a house and maintain it at 24oC. On
a winter day when the outdoor air temperature is -5oC, the house
is estimated to lose heat at a rate of 80,000 kJ/h. Determine the
minimum power required to operate this heat pump.
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[ 2.18 kW ]
 Entropy

 The 2nd law states that process occur in a certain

direction, not in any direction.
 It often leads to the definition of a new property
called entropy, which is a quantitative measure of
disorder for a system.

 Entropy can also be explained as a measure of

the unavailability of heat to perform work in a
cycle.
 This relates to the 2nd law since the 2nd law
predicts that not all heat provided to a cycle can
be transformed into an equal amount of work,
some heat rejection must take place.
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 Entropy Change

 The entropy change during a reversible process is

defined as

 For a reversible, adiabatic

process
dS 0
S2 S1
 The reversible, adiabatic process is called an isentropic
process.
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 Entropy Change and Isentropic Processes

The entropy-change and isentropic relations for a

process can be summarized as follows:

i. Pure substances:
Any process: Δs = s2 – s1 (kJ/kgK)
Isentropic process: s2 = s1

ii. Incompressible substances (liquids and

solids):
Any process: s2 – s1 = cav T2/T1 (kJ/kg
Isentropic process: T2 = T1

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 iii. Ideal gases:

a) constant specific heats (approximate

treatment):
for all process
T2 v2
s2  s1 Cv , av ln  R ln
T1 v1

T2 P2
s2  s1 C p , av ln  R ln
T1 P1
for isentropic process
k
 P2   v1 
   
 P1  s const .  v2 
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Example 4.5

Steam at 1 MPa, 600oC, expands in a turbine to 0.01 MPa. If the

process is isentropic, find the final temperature, the final
enthalpy of the steam, and the turbine work.

Solution:

mass balance : m1 m2 m State 1

energy balance
sup erheated
E E P1 1 MPa 
 h1 3698.6 kg
in out kJ
o
m1h1 m2 h2  W out T1 600 C 
s1 8.0311 kgkJ. K
W out m h1  h2 

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 Since that the process is  Work of turbine
isentropic, s2=s1
Wout h1  h2
State 2 3698.6  2545.6
P2 0.01 MPa   sat.mixture 1153 kJ
kg

s2 8.0311 kgkJ. K 
 x2 0.984
h2 191.8  0.984 2392.1
2545.6 kJ
kg

T2 Tsat @ P2 45.81o C

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Isentropic Efficiency for Turbine

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Isentropic Efficiency for Compressor

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Example 4.6

Steam at 1 MPa, 600°C, Solution:

expands in a turbine to  Theoretically:
0.01 MPa. The isentropic
wa h1  h2 a
work of the turbine is isen ,T  
1152.2 kJ/kg. If the ws h1  h2 s
isentropic efficiency of
wa isen ,T ws
the turbine is 90 percent,
calculate the actual work. 0.9 1153
Find the actual turbine
1037.7 kJ
kg
exit temperature or
quality of the steam.

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State1
P1 1 MPa  h1 3698.6 kg
kJ


T1 600o C  s1 8.0311 kgkJ. K
State 2s
sat.mixture
P2 0.01 MPa 

 x2 s 0.984
s2 s s1 8.0311 kgkJ. K 
 h 2545.6 kJ
2s kg

 Obtain h2a from Wa

wa h1  h2 a State 2a
h2 a h1  wa
P2 0.01 MPa   sup erheated
2660.9 kJ  o
kg h2 a 2660.9 kJ
kg  T
 2a  86.85 C
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Example 4.7

Air enters a compressor  For isentropic process of IGL

k1
and is compressed
 T2 s   P2  k
adiabatically from 0.1    
MPa, 27°C, to a final  T1   P1 
0.4/1.4
state of 0.5 MPa. Find the  0.5 
T2 s 27  273 
work done on the air for  0.1 
a compressor isentropic 475.4 K
efficiency of 80 percent.  Then
Solution:
Wc , s 1.005 475.4  300 
 From energy balance
W c , s m h2 s  h1  176 kJ
kg

Wc , s
W c , s Wc ,a  220 kJ
Wc , s  h2 s  h1 isen ,c kg
m
CP T2 s  T1  33
Supplementary Problems 4.2
1. The radiator of a steam heating system has a volume of 20 L
and is filled with the superheated water vapor at 200 kPa and
150oC. At this moment both inlet and exit valves to the
radiator are closed. After a while the temperature of the
steam drops to 40oC as a result of heat transfer to the room
air. Determine the entropy change of the steam during this
process.
[-
2. A heavily insulated piston-cylinder device contains 0.05 m 3 of
0.132
steamkJ/.K
at ]300 kPa and 150oC. Steam is now compressed in a
reversible manner to a pressure of 1 MPa. Determine the work
done on the steam during this process.

[ 16 kJ ]
3. A piston –cylinder device contains 1.2 kg of nitrogen gas at
120 kPa and 27oC. The gas is now compressed slowly in a
polytropic process during which PV1.3=constant. The process
ends when the volume is reduced by one-half. Determine the
entropy change of nitrogen during this process.
[ -0.0617
kJ/kg.K ] 34
4. Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 8 MPa and 500oC with a
mass flow rate of 3 kg/s and leaves at 30 kPa. The isentropic
efficiency of the turbine is 0.90. Neglecting the kinetic energy
of the steam, determine (a) the temperature at the turbine
exit and (b) the power output of the turbine.

[ 69.09oC,3054 kW ]
5. Refrigerant-R134a enters an adiabatic compressor as
saturated vapor at 120 kPa at a rate of 0.3 m 3/min and exits
at 1 MPa pressure. If the isentropic efficiency of the
compressor is 80 percent, determine (a) the temperature of
the refrigerant at the exit of the compressor and (b) the
power input, in kW. Also, show the process on a T-s diagram
with respect to the saturation lines.

[ 58.9oC,1.70 kW ]

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