APEX INSTITUTE OF

TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE &
ENGINEERING

Block Chain
Faculty: Ms. Komal Mehta(E15888)

DISCOVER . LEARN .
Komal Mehta(E15888)
EMPOWER
[email protected]
 Course Objectives
1. Understand Blockchain Basics – Learn key concepts like decentralization and
consensus.
2. Analyze Architecture – Identify blockchain components (blocks, nodes, transactions).
3. Explore Cryptography – Understand hashing, encryption, and digital signatures.
4. Evaluate Platforms & Use Cases – Compare blockchain platforms and real-world
applications.
5. Learn Smart Contracts & dApps – Understand smart contracts and decentralized
apps.
6. Study Security – Identify risks and privacy solutions in blockchain.
7. Explore Scalability & Interoperability – Discuss scalability and cross-chain solutions.
8. Examine Legal & Ethical Issues – Understand blockchain’s regulatory implications.
9. Develop Blockchain Solutions – Gain hands-on experience with blockchain
development.
10.Assess Future Trends – Explore emerging blockchain technologies and trends.

Komal Mehta(E15888)
[email protected]
 COURSE
OUTCOME
• CO1: Students will Understand the fundamentals of
blockchain technology
• CO2: Students will Analyze the role of decentralization
in blockchain systems
• CO3: Students will Evaluate various cryptographic
primitives and consensus algorithms
• CO4: Students will Apply blockchain technology to
real-world applications
• CO5: Students will Develop smart contracts using
Ethereum and Solidity.
Komal Mehta(E15888)
[email protected]
 Suggestive
Readings
TEXT BOOKS
• T1 Imran Bashir, "Mastering Blockchain: Distributed Ledger Technology, decentralization, and
smart contracts explained", Packt Publishing, 2018.
• T2 Andreas M. Antonopoulos, "Mastering Bitcoin: Unlocking Digital Cryptocurrencies",
O'Reilly Publications, 2nd Edition.
• T3 Melanie Swan, "Blockchain: Blueprint for a new economy", O'Reilly Publications, First Edition.
REFERENCE BOOKS
• R1 Mark Gates, " Ethereum: Complete Guide to Understanding Ethereum, Blockchain, Smart
Contracts, ICOs, and Decentralized Apps", Inverted Forest Publishing, 2016.
• R2 Chris Dannen, "Introducing Ethereum and Solidity", APress Publishing, 2017.
• R3 Elad Erom, "The Blockchain Developer", APress Publishing, 2017.
• R4 Narayan Prusty, "Building Blockchain Projects", Packt Publishing, 2017.
• R5 Arvind Narayanan, Joseph Bonneau, Edward Felten, Andrew Miller, Steven Goldfeder - Bitcoin
and Cryptocurrency Technologies: A Comprehensive Introduction, Princeton University Press, 2016.
• R6 Andreas M. Antonopoulos, "Mastering Bitcoin: Programming the Open Blockchain", O'Reilly
Publications, First Edition.

Komal Mehta(E15888)
[email protected]
 Table of Contents

• Distributed Ledger
• Difference b/w DL and Blockchain
• DLT
• Consensus

Komal Mehta(E15888)
[email protected]
Difference between Blockchain
& DL

All DLs are NOT Blockchains. But all Blockchains are DLTs
Not all the cryptocurrencies are blockchain
implementations. Radix, IOTA and R3 Corda are
examples of Digital Ledgers that are NOT
Distributed ledger doesblockchains.
not necessarily consist of blocks
of transactions to keep the ledger growing
A blockchain is a special type of shared database that is
comprised of blocks of transactions

Komal Mehta[E15888]]©
APEX Institute of Technology
 Formal Definition

• A distributed ledger is distributed among its participants and spread across multiple sites
or organizations.
• This type of ledger can be either private or public *source: Wikipedia

Komal Mehta[E15888]]©
APEX Institute of Technology
 What is DLT?

A DLT (distributed ledger technology) is simply a fancy way of

saying,
“A database
“How”that is spread
that data across
is distributed, several and
structured sites“
“agreed *source: MangoResearch

upon” (consensus) will dictate the TYPE of DLT.

Kind of like how the shape, taste, color etc. dictates the TYPE of Fruit (to us non-
fruit experts, at least)

Komal Mehta[E15888]]©
APEX Institute of Technology
 Tokenized vs Tokenless
These blockchains are standard blockchains that • These blockchains are designed in such a way that
generate cryptocurrency as a result of a consensus they do not have the basic unit for the transfer of
process via mining or initial distribution. Bitcoin and value.
Ethereum are prime examples of this type of
• However, they are still valuable in situations where
blockchain
there is no need to transfer value between nodes
and only the sharing of data among various trusted
parties is required.
• This is similar to full private blockchains, the only
difference being that use of tokens is not required.
• This can also be thought of as a shared distributed
ledger used for storing data.
• It does have its benefits when it comes to
immutability, security, and consensus driven
updates but are not used for common blockchain
application of value transfer or cryptocurrency.

Komal Mehta[E15888]]©
APEX Institute of Technology
 Consensus
Consensus: "Come to general
agreement“
• A consensus mechanism is a set of steps that are taken by most or all nodes in a
blockchain to agree on a proposed state or value.
• Requirements
 Agreement: All honest nodes decide on the same value
 Termination: All honest nodes terminate execution of the consensus process and eventually reach a
decision
 Validity: The value agreed upon by all honest nodes must be the same as the initial value proposed
by at least one honest node
 Fault tolerant: The consensus algorithm should be able to run in the presence of faulty or
malicious nodes (Byzantine nodes)
 Integrity: This is a requirement that no node can make the decision more than once in a single
consensus cycle

Komal Mehta[E15888]]©
APEX Institute of Technology
 Types of Consensus Mechanism

Participant is required to solve hard computational puzzles in order to add

Proof of Work (PoW) information to the blockchain.

participants “stake” their coins on the network in order to achieve

Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus

Tangle uses Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAG) instead of a blockchain. Unlike

Tangle/DAG a blockchain, a DAG’s horizontal architecture allows for more scalability.

Tempo Tempo uses sharding (taking partitions of the ledger) and “logical clocks” to
achieve proper ordering of events that take place in the entire network.

Komal Mehta[E15888]]©
APEX Institute of Technology
 Types of Consensus Mechanism Contd.

With no compute-intensive operations, such as partial hash inversion (as in Bitcoin

Traditional Byzantine PoW), this method relies on a simple scheme of nodes that are publisher-signed
Fault Tolerance (BFT) messages. Eventually, when a certain number of messages are received, then an
agreement is reached.

This arrangement requires nodes to compete in a leader-election lottery, and the node
Leader election-based
consensus mechanisms that wins proposes a final value. For example, the PoW used in Bitcoin falls into this
category.

Komal Mehta[E15888]]©
APEX Institute of Technology
 Summary
In this lesson, we have:
 Discussed distributed ledger

 Some basic differences in between blockchain and DL

 Looked at DLT and Consensus Mechanism

Komal Mehta[E15888]]©
APEX Institute of Technology
 Questions

•What is Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) and how does it differ from traditional databases?
•How does DLT ensure that all participants have the same version of the ledger?
•What is the main difference between a Distributed Ledger and Blockchain?
•How do consensus mechanisms like Proof of Work or Proof of Stake work in a Distributed
Ledger system?
•What are the advantages of using DLT over centralized systems for transaction processing?

Komal Mehta[E15888]]©
APEX Institute of Technology
1. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/blockchain-and-distributed-ledger-tec
hnology-dlt/
2. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/distributed-ledger-technologydlt-in-dis
tributed-system/?ref=ml_lbp
3. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/consensus-algorithms-in-blockchain/

Komal Mehta[E15888]]©
APEX Institute of Technology
 THANK YOU

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