Prepared and presented by:

Lily John B. Casimiro, Faculty

DPS, CNAR
1. What is Agriculture?
2. What is Extension?
3. Concepts of Extension?
4. What is Agricultural
Extension?
5. Why is there a great concern
for Agricultural Extension?
 c
Agriculture is the systematic
raising of useful plants and
livestock under the
management of man.
 systematic
•consisting of a system
•presented or formulated as a
coherent body of ideas or
principles (systematic thought)
•methodical in procedure or
plan (a systematic approach)

Raising
•grow, cultivate, raise
•to bring to maturity
•to breed and bring (an animal) to
maturity
useful plants
crop production
(horticultural
crops &
agronomic
crops)
livestock
cattle or dairy
cows, chickens,
goats, pigs,
horses & sheep
(meat, eggs, milk,
fur, leather & wool)
 Purpose?
to meet human
needs
The development of agriculture arose from
man’s realization of difference b/w him
and any other form of life
Latin words:
ex – means out
tensio – means stretching
Latin word:
ex – means out
tensio – means stretching
extending,
reaching out
 other words for
Extension
German: Beratung which literally
means advice or counsel
Dutch: Voorliching – lighting the pathway

ahead to help people find their

way
Indonesian: Penyuluhan – lighting the way

English: ahead with– atotorch

Education teach people to
solve problems themselves
 Alternative word for Extension?
Spanish:
Capacitacion – indicates the intention to
improve people’s skills, although
normally it is used to mean training
Austrians:
Furderung – stimulating someone to go
in a desirable direction
French:
Vulgarisation – the need to simplify
the message for the common man
It means to extend, to spread, to disseminate
useful information and ideas to rural
people outside of the regularly organized schools and
classrooms (Supe, 1983).
•rural development work
•to improve all facets of rural life
concerned with social, economic,
institutional/political, technological
and environmental change
•central task - identification and
dissemination of useful information
(need of rural societies)
• a process of
effecting positive
change in the lives
of people in the
countryside
• it is an educational
activity outside the
school to improve
the health, wealth or
socio-cultural well-
being of the clients
 Extension as form of
Education
• a lifelong process of
• learning
a continuing process of
bringing about desirable
changes in the behavior of
human beings which
involves a variety of
methods and sources
• provision of training,
information and support
services by the government
and non-government
organization to the agriculture
and fisheries sector to improve
the technical, business and
social capabilities of farmers
entails effecting change,
changes in behavior of the
rural people presumably
resulting more specifically in
improved agricultural
production, better living
and improvement of a
•There is a great concern for developing
Philippine agriculture since it is considered
the backbone of our economy and had been
identified as the lead sector in our socio-
economic and environmental recovery
program.
• Ironically, however, majority of the farming
population are in the rural areas that are
mostly poor, if not the poorest of the poor.
• Agriculture - to be modernized and improved
under the limits of the carrying capacity of
resources used and the environment
• government should put its focus in improving
agricultural extension to improve the socio-
economic, technological, environmental and
political status in the farming communities
• enable the farmers to become productive
partners in the country’s efforts for development.
References:

Cely S. Binoya, Ph.D.

Professional Board Examination Reviewer In
Agricultural Extension And Communication

Tijano 2004, Crop Science 1 (Fundamentals of Agriculture)

Lecture Syllabus, Department of Horticulture, College of
Agriculture, UPLB
What is Extension?

♣ Historically, extension was

an agricultural assistance
service whose goal was
mainly to increase
productivity
What is Extension?
♣ it is a type of intervention
focused on education and
training and related services
designed towards helping
people to help themselves
What is Extension?
♣ is a service or system which
assists farm people through
educational procedures in
improving farming methods
and techniques, increasing
production efficiency and
income, bettering their levels
of living and lifting the social
and educational standards of
rural people
What is Extension?
♣ is a process of bringing
about desirable changes in
an individual such as
knowledge, skills, and
attitudes
Education Concepts:
♣ the desirable changes in
the behavior of people
includes:
increased knowledge
new skills or better
attitudes
Education Concepts:
♣ Education can be equated
to learning regardless of
where, how or when the
learning occurs
Modes of Education:
♣ Informal education
This is a lifelong process
by which every person
acquires and
accumulates
knowledge, skills,
attitudes
and insights from daily
experiences and
exposure to
Modes of Education:
♣ Informal education
… at home, at work, at
play,
from the examples and
attitudes of family and
friends, from travel,
reading
newspapers and books,
and
by listening to the radio
Modes of Education:
♣ Informal education
Generally, informal
education is
unorganized
and often unsystematic,
yet it accounts for the
great bulk of any
person’s
total lifetime learning
including those highly
Modes of Education:
♣ Non-formal education
this refers to any
organized,
systematic, educational
activity carried on
outside
the framework of the
formal
education system to
provide
Modes of Education:
♣ Non-formal education
Examples:
Adult literacy programs
Occupational skills
training
programs
Basic literacy programs
Health and nutrition
programs
Family planning
programs
Modes of Education:
♣ Formal education
This refers to the highly
institutionalized,
chronologically graded
and
hierarchically structured
education system
starting
from the primary school
and
Differences between formal & non-
formal:
Bases of Formal Non-formal
Comparison
Educational For future Immediate
objectives application/ application
preparation for life
Group served/ Generally youths Youths and adults
clientele/audience Heterogeneous
Curriculum Fixed curriculum or Based on peoples’
course of study needs/no fixed
curriculum or
course of study
Place/Venue Classrooms/schools Where the people
are/anywhere in
the community
Sponsorship National government National
and other sources government and
other sources
Certification Confers degree and Gives certificates
diploma
Types of Extension (Roling, 1988)
Informative extension
When extension functions as an
instrument for helping people
make well-considered choices
among alternatives which
extension has provided, "the
emphasis is on supporting the
individual to make optimal
decisions with respect to the
attainment of his/her own goals".
The individual can experience the
freedom to use or not to use
extension.
Types of Extension (Roling, 1988)

Emancipatory extension
The case where extension is an
instrument of emancipation and
upliftment.
Extension is an instrument for
"developing the human being, on
'farming' or enhancing his or her
capabilities to make decisions,
to learn, to manage, to
communicate with others, to
analyze the environment, to be a
leader, to stand up to
oppression, to organize and so
forth'
Types of Extension (Roling, 1988)

Persuasive extension
Where extension is used as a policy
instrument by the government
for achieving societal objectives
or collective utilities, i.e.
inducing preventive behavior
with respect to environmental
pollution, health hazards, etc.
which "is in the interest of
society as a whole or of future
generations but not necessarily
in the short term interest of
individuals who are the target of
such extension.
Requisites?
♣ committed extension workers
who have the courage to face
various challenges in the
extension system and the
realities of rural life
Requisites?
♣ committed extension workers
who have the courage to face
various challenges in the
extension system and the
realities of rural life
Concerns that pose
challenges to the
delivery of extension
services:
♣ Wide geographic area
An extension worker to be
effective shall serve three
barangays only
Concerns that pose challenges to the delivery of extension
services:

♣ Ecological zones
An extension worker should
know the characteristics of
these zones so as to be
better prepared in giving
appropriate assistance to
the people in terms of
agricultural and fishery
projects
Concerns that pose challenges to the delivery of extension
services:

♣ Culture of the people

Understanding the culture
of the people is one requisite
to extension work.
Technologies good for one
culture may not be
acceptable to people with
another culture
Concerns that pose challenges to the delivery of extension
services:

♣ Problems of the people

Approximately 75% of the
total population live in the
rural areas and depend on
agriculture as their main
source of livelihood. Some
of their problems are: rapid
population growth, poverty,
low productivity, illness,
unemployment, malnutrition
Concerns that pose challenges to the delivery of extension
services:

♣ Globalization, information
and communication
All agencies must work
cooperatively in providing
basic and support services
appropriate to the unique
needs and problems of the
people in the rural areas
 Population and Agricultural
Production: Global and
Country Analysis
Global (World) Population

World population has

increased
tremendously overtime
(from 2.5 B in 1950 to
6.5 B in 2005) and is
expected to increase to
about 9.2 B in 2050.
 Population and Agricultural Production:
Global and Country Analysis

Growth Rate
Growth rate of world
population increased at
1.9% from 1950-1958 then
it decreased to about 1.3%
in 1960
Highest growth rate
was 2.3% in the 60’s
then it gradually
decreased

It is expected to
decrease to below 0.5
% in 2050
 Population and Agricultural Production:
Global and Country Analysis

Population Change
Philippine Scenario

♣ The Philippines is the 12th

most populous country
♣ 90.5 M Filipinos more or less in
2009; roughly 2/3 reside in
Luzon
♣ 88.6 M Filipinos in 2008
♣ 82.8 M Filipinos in 2003
♣ 62.4 M Filipinos in 1990
♣ 48.5 M Filipinos in 1980
Philippine Scenario

♣ Manila, the capital of Luzon is

the 11th most populous
metropolitan area in the world
Ethnic Groups

♣ The Philippines is the most

ethnically diverse countries
in Asia because of the vast
number of native ethno
linguistic groups
 Ethnic Filipinos

♣ The people of the Philippines

are called Filipinos and are
believed to be descendants
from various Austronesian-
speaking migrants who arrived
in successive waves over a
thousand years ago from
southern China via Taiwan
 Ethnic Filipinos

♣ These ethnic Filipinos are

divided into various ethno
linguistic groups the three
most numerous are:

♣ Tagalogs
♣ Ilokanos
♣ Cebuanos

♣ Negritos or Aetas, known as

aboriginal inhabitants of the
Philippines (0.03%) are still
found in Luzon
 Filipino mestizos

♣ These are with mixed indigenous

heritage and foreign ancestry of
which the three largest foreign
minorities are:

♣ Ethnic Chinese
♣ Americans
♣ South Asians
Filipino mestizos

♣ Other populations:
♣ Spaniards
♣ Indonesians
♣ Japanese
♣ Europeans
♣ Koreans
♣ Other Asians
♣ Arabs
 Religion

♣ The Philippines is the 3rd

largest
Christian nation
♣ 13th largest Protestant country
♣ 40th largest Muslim country
♣ 17th largest Hindu country
♣ 17th largest Buddhist country
 Language

Official languages:
♣ Filipino (Based on Tagalog)
♣ English

12 major regional languages

(each with over 1M speakers)

Tagalog Waray-waray Kinaray-a

Ilokano Bikolano Maranao
Cebuano Kapampangan Maguindanao
Hiligaynon Pangasinan Tausug
 Religion

♣ About 92% are Christians

♣ Roman Catholic – 80%
♣ Philippine Independent
Church (Old Roman Catholic) – 3%
♣ Protestant – 9%
♣ Muslims – 5%
♣ Others – 4 %
Cultural influences:
Examples:
♣ Customs and practices related
to the Catholic church,
especially
religious festivals
Major festivities
♣ Barrio fiesta which
commemorate
patron saints which is celebrated
with church ceremonies, street
parades, fireworks, beauty and
dance contests, and cockfighting
tournaments
Culture

♣ The foundation of Filipino

culture is based primarily on
the cultural traditions of the
various regional indigenous
groups of the Philippines:
Tagalogs, Ilokanos, Visayans,
Bicolanos, etc. and is greatly
influenced by the following:
Chinese
Hispanic
American cultures
 Cultural influences:

1. Hispanic influences
From the culture of Mexico and
Spain as a result of their over
three centuries of colonial rule
Most obvious Hispanic legacy
is
the prevalence of Spanish
surnames among Filipinos
Cultural influences:

2.Chinese influences

♣ Chinese influences is most

evident in Filipino cuisine i.e.
prevalence of noodles locally
known as “mami” and seafood
dishes
♣ Linguistic borrowings
♣ Occasional Chinese derived
surnames
Cultural influences:
3. American influences

♣ Widespread use of the

English
language (the most obvious
American legacy)
♣ Basketball (national sport of
the Philippines
Cultural influences:

Local fast-food chains

♣ Jollibee
♣ Chowking
♣ Greenwich pizza
♣ Tropical hut
♣ Ihawan
Cultural influences:
3. American influences

♣ Love of fast-foods
American fast-food outlets in
the Philippines

McDonald Burger King

Pizza hut KFC
Cultural influences:

♣ Filipinos also listen to

American music
♣ Dance to American steps
♣ Watch American movies
♣ Idolize American actors and
actresses
Culture:

♣ The following remain intact to

all Filipinos
♣ Native moral codes
♣ Respect of family
♣ Veneration of elders
♣ Friendliness
Culture:

♣ The Filipinos honor national

heroes whose works and deeds
contributed to the shaping of
Filipino nationalism.

♣ Jose Rizal, our national hero

whose writings created a
national identity and
awareness
♣ Andress Bonifacio – founder of
the Katipunan movement that
helped end the Spanish rule.
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

In million
Pesos Agricultural crops had the
500000 highest value of production
450000 from 2004-06
400000
350000
300000
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
2004 2005 2006

Agricultural Crops Livestock Poultry Fishery

Fig.1.Value of Production, 2004-06

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

Table1.Volume of Production, 2004-06

2004 2005 2006

Agricultural crops 75,150.79 73,725.92 77,30.74
Livestock 2,190.01 2,241.8 2,296.74
Poultry 1,638.16 1,638.59 1,632.26
Fishery 3,926.17 4,161.88 4,409.61