Dr. Ronald B.

Payao
 Good defines research as a
“careful, critical, disciplinary
inquiry, varying in technique and
method according to the nature
and conditions of the problem
identified, directed toward the
clarification or resolution (or
both) of a problem.
 According to Aquino, “research is
simply, the systematic search for
pertinent information on a
specific topic or problem, and
after the research worker has
analyzed and interpreted the
data, he eventually faces another
essential task – that of preparing
the research report.”
 Research has been defined as “the
process of gathering data or
information to solve a particular or
specific problem in a scientific
manner.” (Manuel and Medel)

 Parel define research as “a systematic

study or investigation of something for
the purpose of answering questions
posed by the researcher.”
 Research is an attempt to gain
solutions to problems. More
precisely, it is the collection of
data in a rigorously controlled
situation for the purpose of
prediction or explanation.
(Treece and Treece)
 The main or principal purpose and goal of
research is the preservation and
improvement of the quality of human life.

“Purpose of research is to serve man”

“Goal of research is the good life”

1. To discover new facts about known
phenomenon.
2. To find answers to problems which are
only partially solve by existing methods
and information.
3. Improve existing techniques and develop
new instruments or products.
4. To discover previously unrecognized
substances or elements.
5. Discover pathways of action of known
substances and elements.
6. To order related, valid generalizations into
systematized science.
7. To provide basis for decision – making in
business, industry, education,
government, and in other undertaking.
8. To satisfy the researchers curiosity.

9. To find answers to queries by means of

scientific methods.
10. To acquire a better and deeper
understanding about one phenomenon.
11. To expand or verify existing knowledge.
12. To improve educational practices for
raising the quality of school products.
13. To promote health and prolong life.
14. To provide man with more of his basic
needs.
15. To make work, travel, and communication
faster, easier, and more comfortable.
 Research gathers new knowledge or data
from primary or first hand source.
 Research is expert, systematic and
accurate investigation.
 Research is logical and objective, applying
every possible test verify the data
collected and the procedures employed.
 Research endeavors to organized data in
quantitative terms, if possible, and express
them as numerical measures.
 Research is carefully recorded and
reported.
 Research is systematic
 Research is controlled
 Research is empirical
 Research is analytical
 Research is objective, unbiased and
logical
 Research employs hypothesis
 Research employs quantitative or
statistical method.
 Research is original work.
 Research is done by an expert.
 Research is accurate investigation,
observation and description.
 Research is patient and unhurried
activity.
 Research requires an effort –
making capacity.
 Research requires courage.
 Research Problem Solving

1. There may not be a 1. There is always a

Problem, only interest problem.
In answering a question
Or a query.

2. A research problem is 2. A problem to be solve

more rigorous and broader is less rigorous and
in scope. Less broad.
3. The research problem 3. The problem to be
is not necessarily defined solved has to be
specifically. Defined specifically
and identified
definitely.

4. All research is intended 4. Problem-solving does

to solve some kind of always involved
research
problem, but this is not
the primary aim.
5. Research is conducted 5. problem solving is
not primarily to solve a is always intended to

problem but to make solve a problem.

a contribution to
general knowledge.

6. Research is concerned
with broad problems,
recurrent phenomena,
and wide application
through generalization.
It is concerned with
defining and outlining
the properties of 6. Problem – solving
phenomena with is concerned with a
forecasting future specific problem and
occurrences so that once the problem is
they may be predicted solved that is the end
and controlled, and with of it.
describing the relationship
or phenomena by explaining
how and why certain events
occurred or could have
occurred. In this process
research also generates more
problem to explore.
1. According to Purpose
a. Predictive or Prognostic Research
b. Directive Research
c. Illuminative Research
2. According to Goal
a. basic or Pure research
b. Applied Research
3. According to the level of
investigation
a. In Exploratory Research
b. In descriptive Research
c. In Experimental Research
4. According to the Type of Analysis
a. Analytic Approach
b. Holistic Approach
5. According to Scope
6. According to Choice of Answers to Problem
a. In Evaluation Research, all possible courses
of Action are specified and identified and the
researchers tries to find the most
advantageous.
b. In Developmental Research, the focus is on
finding or developing a more suitable
instrument or process than has been available.

7. According to Statistical Content

a. Quantitative or Statistical Research
b. Non – Quantitative Research
8. According to Time Element
a. Historical research describes what was.
b. Descriptive research describes what is.
c. Experimental research describes what
will be.
1. Tradition
2. Authority
3. Inaccurate Observation
4. Overgeneralization
5. Selective Observation
6. Made-up Information
7. Illogical Reasoning
8. Ego-involvement in
understanding
9. Mystification
10. To err is human
11. dogmatism
1. Aim or Purpose
2. The subject matter or topic to be
investigates
3. The place or locale where the
research where to be conducted.
4. The period or time of the study
during which the data are to be
gathered.
5. Population nor universe from whom
the data are to be collected.
To determine the status of teaching science in the
high school of province A during the school year
1989 – 1990.

Aim or purpose: To determine the status of

Subject matter or topic: The teaching of
science
Place or locale: In the high school of province A
Period or time: during the school year 1989 –
1990
Population: The respondents are implied to be
either the teacher or the pupils or both.
1. The research problem or topic must
be chosen by the researcher himself.
2. It must be within the interest of the
researcher.
3. It must be within the specialization of
the researcher.
4. It must be within the competence of
the researcher to tackle.
5. It must be within the ability of the
researcher to finance.
6. It is researchable and manageable, that is:
a. Data are available and accessible.
b. The data must meet the standards of
accuracy, objectivity and verifiability.
c. Answers to the specific questions (sub-
problems) can be found.
d. The hypothesis formulated are testable,
that is , it can be accepted or rejected.
e. Equipment and instruments for research
are available and can give valid and reliable
results.
7. It can be completed within a reasonable period of
time unless it is longitudinal research which takes
a long time for its completion.
8. It is significant, important, and relevant to the
present time and situation, timely and of current
interest.
9. The results are practical and implementable.
10. It requires original, critical and reflective
thinking to solve it.
11. It can be delimited to suit the resources of the
researcher but big or large enough to be able to
give significant, valid, and reliable results and
generalization.
12. It must contribute to the national
development goals for the improvement of the
quality of human life.
13. It must contribute to the fund of human
knowledge.
14. It must show or pave the way for the solution
of the problem or problems intended to be
solved.
15. It must not undermine the moral and spiritual
values of the people.
16. It must not advocate any change in the
present order of things by means of violence
but by peaceful means.
17. There must be a return of some kind to the
researcher, either one or all of the following:
a. Monetary
b. Advance of position, promotion
c. Improved specialization
d. Enhance prestige and reputation
e. satisfaction of intellectual curiosity and
interest, and being able to discover truth.
18. There must be a consideration of the
hazards involved, either physical, social, or
legal.
1. Generally, the title is formulated before the
start of the research work. It may be
revised and refined later if there is a need.
2. The title must contain the subject matter of
the study, the locale of the study, the
population involved, and the period when
the data where gathered or will be gathered.
3. It must be broad enough to include all
aspects of the subject matter studied or to
be studied. Hence, the title indicates what is
expected to be found what is inside the
thesis report.
4. It must be as brief and concise as
possible.
5. Avoid using the term “An analysis of”,
A study of”, An investigation of”, and
the like. All these things are
understood to have been done or to be
done when a research is conducted.
6. If the title contains more than one line,
it must be written like an inverted
pyramid, all words in capital letters.
 THE TEACHING OF SCIENCE IN THE HIGH SCHOOLS
OF PROVINCE A AS PERCEIVED BHY THE SCIENCE
TEACHERS AND STUDENTS DURING THE
SCHOOL YEAR 1989 – 1990

The contents as required by guideline:

1. Subject matter: The teaching of science;

2. Locale of the study: High school of province A;

3. Population involve: The science teachers and

the students;
4. Period of the study: School Year 1989 - 1990
 THE TEACHING OF SCIENCE IN THE
HIGH SCHOOLS OF PROVINCE A

It will be noted that the population, the science

teachers and students as well as the period
of the study, 1989 – 1990, are omitted when
writing the second form but they have to be
mentioned in the scope and delimitation of
the study. It will be noted also that the title,
though brief and simplified, it is broad
enough to include all possible aspects of the
subject matter.
1. The general statement of the problem and the
specific sub-problems or questions should be
formulated first before conducting the study.
2. It is customary to state specific sub-problems
in the interrogative form. Hence, sub-problems
are called specific questions.
3. Each specific question must be clear and
unequivocal, that is it has only one meaning.
It must not have dual meaning.
4. Each specific question is researchable apart
from the other questions, that is, answers to
each specific question can be found even
without considering the other questions.
5. Each specific questions must be upon
known facts and phenomena. Besides,
data from such known facts and
phenomena must be accessible to make
the specific question researchable.
6. Answers to each specific question can be
interpreted apart from the answers to
other specific questions.
7. Answers to each specific questions must
contribute to the development of the
whole research problem or topic.
THE PROMOTIONAL STRATEGIES OF MANGO
PARK HOTEL

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of the study is to
assess the promotional strategies of
Mango Park Hotel.
It answers the following sub-problems:
1. What is the profile of the respondents with
regards to:
1.1 Age,
1.2 Status,
1.3 Religion,
1.4 Educational Attainment,
1.5 Gender, and
1.6 Nationality?
2. What are the existing promotional tools
and strategies utilized by Mango Park
Hotel with regards to:
2.1 Advertising,
2.2 Sales and Promotion,
2.3 Public Relation, and
2.4 Personal Selling?
 Promotional tools and Strategies VWI WI I NI
Advertising
1. Use of newspaper
2. Use of television
3. Use of radio
4. Use of media when launching new
products

Sales and Promotion

1. Affordable promo Package
accommodation
2. Offers recreational activities
3. Discounts on regular guests
4. Offer free breakfast